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Weak Acid Solutions

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Few compounds act as strong acids. A far greater number of compounds behave as weak acids and only partially react with water, leaving a large majority of dissolved molecules in their original form and generating a relatively small amount of hydronium ions. Weak acids are commonly encountered in nature, being the substances partly responsible for the tangy taste of citrus fruits, the stinging sensation of insect bites, and the unpleasant smells associated with body odor. A familiar example of a...
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Ladder Diagrams: Redox Equilibria01:30

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Ladder diagrams are useful tools for understanding redox equilibrium reactions, especially the effects of concentration changes on the electrochemical potential of the reaction. The vertical axis in the redox ladder diagrams represents the electrochemical potential, E. The area of predominance is demarcated using the Nernst equation.
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A type of Lewis acid-base chemistry involves the formation of a complex ion (or a coordination complex) comprising a central atom, typically a transition metal cation, surrounded by ions or molecules called ligands. These ligands can be neutral molecules like H2O or NH3, or ions such as CN− or OH−. Often, the ligands act as Lewis bases, donating a pair of electrons to the central atom. These types of Lewis acid-base reactions are examples of a broad subdiscipline called coordination...
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Common Ion Effect

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Compared with pure water, the solubility of an ionic compound is less in aqueous solutions containing a common ion (one also produced by dissolution of the ionic compound). This is an example of a phenomenon known as the common ion effect, which is a consequence of the law of mass action that may be explained using Le Châtelier’s principle. Consider the dissolution of silver iodide:
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Precipitation of Ions03:11

Precipitation of Ions

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Predicting Precipitation
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Intermolecular forces are attractive forces that exist between molecules. They dictate several bulk properties, such as melting points, boiling points, and solubilities (miscibilities) of substances. Molar mass, molecular shape, and polarity affect the strength of different intermolecular forces, which influence the magnitude of physical properties across a family of molecules.
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Solid-state Graft Copolymer Electrolytes for Lithium Battery Applications
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Zero Lithium Miscibility Gap Enables High-Rate Equimolar Li(Mn,Fe)PO4 Solid Solution.

Jinxing Yang1, Changji Li, Tianjia Guang1

  • 1School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Shenyang 110016, China.

Nano Letters
|June 1, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Developing olivine-structured lithium manganese iron phosphate solid solutions enhances energy density for lithium-ion batteries. This new material shows a 16% higher energy density than lithium iron phosphate.

Keywords:
Cathode materialsFull cellHydrothermal synthesisLiMnxFe1−xPO4 nanocrystalsOperando XRD

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Electrochemistry
  • Solid-state Chemistry

Background:

  • Olivine-structured Li(Mn,Fe)PO4 solid solutions offer potential for higher energy density in lithium-ion batteries.
  • Jahn-Teller active Mn3+ in these solutions currently limits energy density and rate performance.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the electrochemical properties of equimolar LiMn0.5Fe0.5PO4 solid solution nanocrystals.
  • To explore the potential of overcoming performance limitations in olivine-structured phosphates.

Main Methods:

  • Operando X-ray diffraction was used to study the (de)lithiation process.
  • Microwave-assisted hydrothermal synthesis in pure water was employed for material preparation.

Main Results:

  • Equimolar LiMn0.5Fe0.5PO4 exhibited a single-phase transition during (de)lithiation with no lithium miscibility gap.
  • The energy density reached 625 Wh kg-1, a 16% improvement over LiFePO4.
  • High-performance nanocrystals were successfully synthesized.

Conclusions:

  • The single-phase transition and lack of a lithium miscibility gap in LiMn0.5Fe0.5PO4 contribute to excellent electrochemical properties.
  • This solid solution represents a promising advancement for high-energy-density lithium-ion batteries.
  • Microwave-assisted hydrothermal synthesis is an effective method for producing these high-performance materials.