Sensitivity, Specificity, and Predicted Value
Reliability and Validity
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Utilizing a 3D Printed Laparoscopic Nissen Fundoplication Model to Shorten a Resident's Learning Curve
Published on: August 15, 2025
Amy Han1, Judith French1, Jeremy Lipman1
1Cleveland Clinic, Department of General Surgery, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA.
Standardized tests are crucial for surgical education assessment, guiding training and certification. While reliable and valid, these important surgical education tools have limitations and biases.
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