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Related Concept Videos

Hypoglycemia and Glucagon01:15

Hypoglycemia and Glucagon

479
Without prolonged fasting, healthy individuals maintain blood glucose levels above 3.5 mM due to a well-adapted neuroendocrine counterregulatory system that effectively prevents acute hypoglycemia, a potentially life-threatening condition. The primary clinical scenarios for hypoglycemia encompass diabetes treatment, inappropriate production of endogenous insulin or insulin-like substances by tumors, and the use of glucose-lowering agents in non-diabetic individuals. Notably, hypoglycemia in the...
479
Pathophysiology of Diabetes01:20

Pathophysiology of Diabetes

2.2K
Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia. The four categories of diabetes are type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes, other specific types of diabetes, and gestational diabetes.
Type 1 diabetes is characterized by autoimmune-mediated destruction of pancreatic β cells, with environmental factors potentially triggering this process in genetically susceptible individuals. Despite many not having a family history, certain genes increase susceptibility,...
2.2K
Inborn Errors of Metabolism01:20

Inborn Errors of Metabolism

374
Phenylketonuria (PKU) is a protein metabolism disorder characterized by high blood levels of the amino acid phenylalanine. This results from a mutation in the gene responsible for phenylalanine hydroxylase, an enzyme that converts phenylalanine into tyrosine. When this enzyme is deficient, phenylalanine builds up in the blood, leading to symptoms such as vomiting, rashes, seizures, growth deficiency, and severe mental retardation. An early diagnosis and a diet restricting phenylalanine intake...
374
Glucose Transporters01:27

Glucose Transporters

26.2K
Glucose transporters facilitate the transport of glucose across the cell membrane. In addition to glucose, some glucose transporters can also aid the movement of other hexoses such as fructose, mannose, and galactose.
Facilitated diffusion-glucose transporters (GLUTs) are encoded by the solute-linked carrier (SLC) family 2, subfamily A gene family, or SLC2A. The 14 GLUT protein members are distributed into three classes:
26.2K
Diabetes Mellitus: Type 2 and Gestational01:22

Diabetes Mellitus: Type 2 and Gestational

3.5K
Type 2 diabetes, characterized by insulin resistance, arises when the insulin receptors on cells lose responsiveness to insulin, diminishing the cell's capacity to take up glucose, resulting in elevated blood glucose levels. To receive a diagnosis of Type 2 diabetes, a series of blood glucose tests are necessary to assess whether the blood glucose falls within normal parameters. If the result is out of the normal range, a patient may be diagnosed as prediabetic or diabetic, depending on the...
3.5K
SBAR II: Application of SBAR01:14

SBAR II: Application of SBAR

5.2K
SBAR is an effective communication tool used by healthcare professionals to communicate patient information accurately. SBAR stands for Situation, Background, Assessment, and Recommendation. For a better understanding, an example is given below.
SBAR Report from a Nurse to a Health Care Provider
S: "Hello, Dr. Smith. This is Jane, RN, from the Med Surg unit. I am calling to tell you about Ms. White in Room 210, who is experiencing increased pain and redness at her incision site. Her recent...
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Updated: Oct 25, 2025

Biochemical Measurement of Neonatal Hypoxia
13:13

Biochemical Measurement of Neonatal Hypoxia

Published on: August 24, 2011

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The Term Newborn: Hypoglycemia.

Eustratia M Hubbard1, William W Hay2

  • 1UC San Diego School of Medicine, UC San Diego Health, 9300 Campus Point Drive, La Jolla, CA 92037-7774, USA.

Clinics in Perinatology
|August 6, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Neonatal hypoglycemia, a common infant condition, requires careful management. Early identification and treatment, including dextrose gel and breastfeeding, can prevent long-term neurologic injury in newborns.

Keywords:
GlucoseHyperinsulinismInfant of diabetic motherIntrauterine growth restrictionNewbornOral dextrose gel

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Area of Science:

  • Neonatology
  • Pediatric Endocrinology
  • Metabolic Disorders

Background:

  • Neonatal hypoglycemia is a frequent metabolic issue in term infants.
  • The relationship between glucose levels and adverse neurologic outcomes remains unclear.
  • Severe, prolonged, or recurrent hypoglycemia with symptoms like seizures indicates a risk of brain damage.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current understanding of neonatal hypoglycemia in term infants.
  • To discuss glucose metabolism, risk factors, and diagnostic criteria.
  • To outline screening, treatment strategies, and neurologic outcomes.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of neonatal hypoglycemia.
  • Analysis of glucose metabolism and clinical presentation.
  • Synthesis of current guidelines for screening and management.

Main Results:

  • No definitive glucose threshold or duration predicts adverse outcomes.
  • Symptomatic infants with severe hypoglycemia are at high risk for brain injury.
  • Persistent hyperinsulinemia and metabolic defects require aggressive management.

Conclusions:

  • Early identification of at-risk infants is crucial.
  • Breastfeeding and oral dextrose gel can be effective interventions.
  • Prompt treatment of symptomatic and persistent hypoglycemia may prevent neuronal injury.