The Optimal Timing of Step 1 in Medical Education Following the Transition to Pass/Fail: A Unique Perspective from...

The National Board of Medical Examiners' decision to change Step 1 of the United States Medical Licensing Examination (USMLE) from a three-digit score to Pass/Fail (P/F) represents a disruptive change for students, faculty, and leaders in the academic community. In the context of this change, some schools may re-consider the optimal timing of Step 1 as they strive to align their assessment practices with sound educational principles. Currently, over 20 schools administer USMLE Step 1 after the core clerkships. In this commentary, we review the educational rationale for a post-clerkship Step 1, highlighting how adult learning theories support this placement. We discuss some short-term challenges post-clerkship Step 1 schools may encounter due to the proposed timing of the change in scoring, which creates three unique scenarios for learners that can introduce inequity in the system and provoke anxiety. We review outcomes of potentially heightened importance when Step 1 is P/F, including lower clinical subject exam scores in some clerkships, lower failure rates on Step 1 and stable Step 2 Clinical Knowledge scores with implications for the residency match. We outline the future potential for performance-based time-variable Step 1 study periods that are facilitated by post-clerkship placement of the exam. Finally, we discuss opportunities to achieve the goal of enhancing student well-being, which was a major rationale for eliminating the three-digit score.