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The mitochondrial electron transport chain (ETC) is the main energy generation system in the eukaryotic cells. However, mitochondria also produce cytotoxic reactive oxygen species (ROS) due to the large electron flow during oxidative phosphorylation. While Complex I is one of the primary sources of superoxide radicals, ROS production by Complex II is uncommon and may only be observed in cancer cells with mutated complexes.
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The oxidation of an organic compound in the presence of air or oxygen is called autoxidation. For example, cumene reacts with oxygen to form hydroperoxide. Autoxidation involves initiation, propagation, and termination steps. Many organic compounds are susceptible to autoxidation—especially ethers in the presence of oxygen, which form hydroperoxides. Even though this reaction is slow, old ether bottles contain small amounts of peroxide, which leads to laboratory explosions during ether...
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In the presence of oxidizing agents, phenols are oxidized to quinones. Quinones can be easily reduced back to phenols using mild reducing agents. The electron-donating hydroxyl group enhances the reactivity of the aromatic ring, enabling oxidation of the ring even in the absence of an α hydrogen.
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Oral anticoagulants are vital tools in preventing and treating blood clotting disorders. This diverse class of medications can be categorized as vitamin K antagonists, exemplified by warfarin, and direct thrombin inhibitors (DTIs), such as dabigatran, as well as factor Xa inhibitors, including rivaroxaban.
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Several factors can increase the risk of cancer in an individual. About 50% of cancer cases can be prevented by adopting a healthy lifestyle, regular exercise, eating healthy, and following a modest cancer prevention diet. Epidemiological studies have consistently shown that populations with vegetable and fruit-rich diets have reduced the incidence of cancer. On the other hand, populations who have a diet rich in animal fat, red meat, junk food, or high calories are predisposed to cancer.
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How We Can Change Clinical Practice Using Antioxidant Molecules?

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Antioxidant molecules and melatonin protect cells from damage. These compounds are crucial for maintaining cellular health and function.

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Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Cell Biology
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Oxidative stress is implicated in numerous diseases.
  • Antioxidant molecules and melatonin play vital roles in cellular defense mechanisms.

Discussion:

  • This Special Issue compiles research on the protective functions of antioxidants and melatonin.
  • Studies explore their mechanisms against oxidative damage and their therapeutic potential.

Key Insights:

  • Melatonin is a potent antioxidant with pleiotropic effects.
  • Various antioxidant molecules demonstrate significant cytoprotective properties.

Outlook:

  • Further research is needed to fully elucidate the therapeutic applications of these compounds.
  • Targeting antioxidant pathways may offer novel strategies for disease prevention and treatment.