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Related Concept Videos

Physiology of Smell and Olfactory Pathway01:20

Physiology of Smell and Olfactory Pathway

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Humans detect odors with the help of specialized cells located in the upper part of the nasal cavity, called olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs). ORNs possess hair-like structures called cilia, which are receptive to sensations from the inhaled air. When an odorant molecule binds to a specific receptor on the cell of the cilia, it leads to a series of events that ultimately cause the ORN to send electrical signals to the olfactory bulb in the brain through the olfactory nerves.
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Olfaction01:25

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The sense of smell is achieved through the activities of the olfactory system. It starts when an airborne odorant enters the nasal cavity and reaches olfactory epithelium (OE). The OE is protected by a thin layer of mucus, which also serves the purpose of dissolving more complex compounds into simpler chemical odorants. The size of the OE and the density of sensory neurons varies among species; in humans, the OE is only about 9-10 cm2.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Aug 29, 2025

Controlled Odor Mimic Permeation Systems for Olfactory Training and Field Testing
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Controlled Odor Mimic Permeation Systems for Olfactory Training and Field Testing

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Profiles of Odorant Specific Performance in Olfactory Testing.

Rodney J Schlosser1, Zachary M Soler1, Jess Mace2

  • 1Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, 2345Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA.

American Journal of Rhinology & Allergy
|September 7, 2022
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Olfactory dysfunction (OD) may have unique odor identification profiles based on its cause. Psychophysical testing reveals differences in how individuals with chronic rhinosinusitis identify specific scents compared to healthy controls.

Keywords:
olfactionolfactory disorder

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Area of Science:

  • Otolaryngology
  • Neuroscience
  • Psychophysics

Background:

  • Olfactory dysfunction (OD) has diverse causes, but distinct psychophysical profiles for each etiology are not well-documented.
  • Understanding these profiles could offer insights into the underlying pathophysiology of OD.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate if different etiologies of olfactory dysfunction present unique psychophysical testing profiles.
  • To compare olfactory identification and discrimination abilities between individuals with chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) and healthy controls.

Main Methods:

  • Adults with and without chronic rhinosinusitis with/without nasal polyps (CRSwNP/CRSsNP) and healthy controls underwent olfactory assessment.
  • The Sniffin' Sticks test was used to evaluate odor identification and discrimination abilities.

Main Results:

  • Normosmic individuals, with or without CRS, had lower accuracy identifying apple, pineapple, and turpentine.
  • Hyposmic individuals with CRS showed higher accuracy identifying orange and rose compared to control hyposmics.
  • All hyposmic groups struggled to identify apple.

Conclusions:

  • Odorant-specific identification and discrimination patterns may indicate the etiology of olfactory dysfunction.
  • Psychophysical testing complexity involves olfactory and trigeminal function, odorant strength, distractors, and odorant familiarity.