Real-Time Study of Surface-Guided Nanowire Growth by In Situ Scanning Electron Microscopy

Surface-guided growth has proven to be an efficient approach for the production of nanowire arrays with controlled orientations and their large-scale integration into electronic and optoelectronic devices. Much has been learned about the different mechanisms of guided nanowire growth by epitaxy, graphoepitaxy, and artificial epitaxy. A model describing the kinetics of surface-guided nanowire growth has been recently reported. Yet, many aspects of the surface-guided growth process remain unclear due to a lack of its observation in real time. Here we observe how surface-guided nanowires grow in real time by in situ scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Movies of ZnSe surface-guided nanowires growing on periodically faceted substrates of annealed M-plane sapphire clearly show how the nanowires elongate along the substrate nanogrooves while pushing the catalytic Au nanodroplet forward at the tip of the nanowire. The movies reveal the timing between competing processes, such as planar vs nonplanar growth, catalyst-selective vapor-liquid-solid elongation vs nonselective vapor-solid thickening, and the effect of topographic discontinuities of the substrate on the growth direction, leading to the formation of kinks and loops. Contrary to some observations for nonplanar nanowire growth, planar nanowires are shown to elongate at a constant rate and not by jumps. A decrease in precursor concentration as it is consumed after long reaction time causes the nanowires to shrink back instead of growing, thus indicating that the process is reversible and takes place near equilibrium. This real-time study of surface-guided growth, enabled by in situ SEM, enables a better understanding of the formation of nanostructures on surfaces.