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Related Concept Videos

Double Resonance Techniques: Overview01:12

Double Resonance Techniques: Overview

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Double resonance techniques in Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy involve the simultaneous application of two different frequencies or radiofrequency pulses to manipulate and observe two distinct nuclear spins. One important application of double resonance is spin decoupling, which selectively suppresses coupling with one type of nucleus while observing the NMR signal from another nucleus, simplifying the spectrum and enhancing resolution.
Spin decoupling is usually achieved by...
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¹³C NMR: ¹H–¹³C Decoupling01:04

¹³C NMR: ¹H–¹³C Decoupling

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The probability of having two carbon-13 atoms next to each other is negligible because of the low natural abundance of carbon-13. Consequently, peak splitting due to carbon-carbon spin-spin coupling is not observed in spectra. However, protons up to three sigma bonds away split the carbon signal according to the n+1 rule, resulting in complicated spectra.
A broadband decoupling technique is used to simplify these complex, sometimes overlapping, signals. Broadband decoupling relies on a...
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¹³C NMR: Distortionless Enhancement by Polarization Transfer (DEPT)01:20

¹³C NMR: Distortionless Enhancement by Polarization Transfer (DEPT)

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When proton-coupled carbon-13 spectra are simplified by a broadband proton decoupling technique, structural information about the coupled protons is lost. Distortionless enhancement by polarization transfer (DEPT) is a technique that provides information on the number of hydrogens attached to each carbon in a molecule. While the DEPT experiment utilizes complex pulse sequences, the pulse delay and flip angle are specifically manipulated. The resulting signals have different phases depending on...
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¹H NMR: Complex Splitting01:13

¹H NMR: Complex Splitting

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A proton M that is coupled to a proton X results in doublet signals for M. However, NMR-active nuclei can be simultaneously coupled to more than one nonequivalent nucleus. When M is coupled to a second proton A, such as in styrene oxide, each peak in the doublet is split into another doublet.
Splitting diagrams or splitting tree diagrams are routinely used to depict such complex couplings. While drawing splitting diagrams, the splitting with the larger coupling constant is usually applied...
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Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy: Interference01:25

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Interference leads to systematic error in atomic absorption (AA) measurements by enhancing or diminishing the analytical signal or the background. These interferences can be grouped into three main categories: spectral interference, chemical interference, and physical interference.
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Spin systems where the difference in chemical shifts of the coupled nuclei is greater than ten times J are called first-order spin systems. These nuclei are weakly coupled, and their chemical shifts and coupling constant can generally be estimated from the well-separated signals in the spectrum.
As Δν decreases and the signals move closer, the doublets appear increasingly distorted. The intensities of the inner lines increase at the cost of those of the outer lines as the signals are...
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Activity-Suppressed Phase Separation.

Fernando Caballero1, M Cristina Marchetti1

  • 1Department of Physics, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106.

Physical Review Letters
|January 6, 2023
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Active stresses in fluid mixtures can prevent phase separation. Bulk active stresses cause self-stirring, suppressing separation and creating dynamic droplet emulsions, unlike interfacial stresses.

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Area of Science:

  • Soft Matter Physics
  • Active Matter Systems
  • Liquid Crystals

Background:

  • Phase separation in mixtures is crucial for material properties.
  • Active stresses from biological or synthetic components can alter phase behavior.
  • Distinguishing between interfacial and bulk active stress effects is key.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the impact of activity on phase separation in a nematic liquid crystal-fluid mixture.
  • To differentiate the roles of interfacial versus bulk active stresses.
  • To characterize the resulting dynamical states and droplet morphology.

Main Methods:

  • Continuum modeling of an active nematic-passive fluid mixture.
  • Analysis of interfacial and bulk active stress contributions.
  • Scaling analysis and numerical simulations.
  • Comparison with experimental observations.

Main Results:

  • Interfacial active stresses can arrest phase separation.
  • Bulk active stresses strongly suppress phase separation via self-stirring.
  • A dynamical emulsion of splitting and merging droplets forms.
  • Regimes for droplet size dependence on activity were identified.

Conclusions:

  • Bulk active stresses significantly alter phase separation dynamics and morphology.
  • The findings provide criteria for identifying active stress mechanisms in experiments.
  • This work elucidates the complex interplay between activity and phase behavior in soft matter.