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An RF-Ultrasound Relay for Adaptive Wireless Powering Across Tissue Interfaces.

Ernest So1, Pyungwoo Yeon1, E J Chichilnisky1

  • 1Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.

IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits
|May 4, 2023
PubMed
Summary

This study introduces an RF-US relay chip to overcome wireless power transfer limitations for deep mm-sized implants. The chip enables efficient power delivery across air and tissue by converting RF to ultrasound, enhancing implant functionality.

Keywords:
IMDadiabatic power amplifierbeamformingin-depth poweringinductive poweringmulti-output regulating rectifierphased arraypower relayretinal implantultrasonic power transferwireless power transfer

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Area of Science:

  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Electrical Engineering
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Wireless power transfer (WPT) to mm-sized implants faces depth limitations due to high tissue loss (RF, Optical) or interface reflection (Ultrasound).
  • Existing WPT modalities struggle with efficient power delivery across diverse media like air, tissue, or skull.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To propose and demonstrate an RF-Ultrasound (US) relay chip for efficient wireless powering of mm-sized deep implants.
  • To overcome the limitations of single-modality WPT by creating an efficient interface for multi-medium power transfer.

Main Methods:

  • Developed an RF-US relay chip featuring a multi-output regulating rectifier (MORR) for RF-to-US conversion and adiabatic power amplifiers (PAs) for efficient ultrasound transmission.
  • Implemented beamforming with 6-channel US PAs, 2-bit phase control, and variable amplitudes to adapt to implant movement.
  • Fabricated a 2.3 × 2 mm² relay chip using a 180 nm high-voltage BCD process.

Main Results:

  • The RF inductive link achieved 85.5% efficiency, and the MORR demonstrated 81% power conversion efficiency (PCE) at 186 mW load.
  • Adiabatic PAs increased efficiency by 30-40% over Class-D, and beamforming improved efficiency by 251% at 2.5 cm compared to fixed focusing.
  • A proof-of-concept system delivered 946 μW to a retinal implant hydrophone through 1.2 cm air and 2.9 cm agar phantom.

Conclusions:

  • The proposed RF-US relay chip effectively enables efficient wireless powering of mm-sized deep implants across multiple media.
  • The integration of adiabatic PAs and beamforming significantly enhances power transfer efficiency and adaptability.
  • This technology holds promise for advanced biomedical implants requiring reliable deep-tissue wireless power.