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Related Concept Videos

Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Spin State Population Distribution01:14

Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Spin State Population Distribution

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Near absolute zero temperatures, in the presence of a magnetic field, the majority of nuclei prefer the lower energy spin-up state to the higher energy spin-down state. As temperatures increase, the energy from thermal collisions distributes the spins more equally between the two states. The Boltzmann distribution equation gives the ratio of the number of spins predicted in the spin −½ (N−) and spin +½ (N+) states.
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Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Relaxation Processes01:23

Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Relaxation Processes

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In the absence of an external magnetic field, nuclear spin states are degenerate and randomly oriented. When a magnetic field is applied, the spins begin to precess and orient themselves along (lower energy) or against (higher energy) the direction of the field. At equilibrium, a slight excess population of spins exists in the lower energy state. Because the direction of the magnetic field is fixed as the z-axis,  the precessing magnetic moments are randomly oriented around the z-axis.
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Nuclear Binding Energy02:13

Nuclear Binding Energy

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The difference between the calculated and experimentally measured masses is known as the mass defect of the atom. In the case of helium-4, the mass defect indicates a “loss” in mass of 4.0331 amu – 4.0026 amu = 0.0305 amu. The loss in mass accompanying the formation of an atom from protons, neutrons, and electrons is due to the conversion of that mass into energy that is evolved as the atom forms. The nuclear binding energy is the energy produced when the atoms’ nucleons...
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Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Spin State Overview01:03

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NMR-active nuclei have energy levels called 'spin states' that are associated with the orientations of their nuclear magnetic moments. In the absence of a magnetic field, the nuclear magnetic moments are randomly oriented, and the spin states are degenerate. When an external magnetic field is applied, the spin states have only 2 + 1 orientations available to them. A proton with = ½ has two available orientations. Similarly, for a quadrupolar nucleus with a nuclear spin value of...
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Atomic Nuclei: Types of Nuclear Relaxation01:28

Atomic Nuclei: Types of Nuclear Relaxation

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Nuclear relaxation restores the equilibrium population imbalance and can occur via spin–lattice or spin–spin mechanisms, which are first-order exponential decay processes.
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Atomic Nuclei: Larmor Precession Frequency01:11

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The earth's gravitational field produces a 'twisting force' perpendicular to the angular momentum of a spinning mass (such as a spinning top) that causes the mass to 'wobble' around the gravitational field axis in a phenomenon called precession. Similarly, the magnetic moment (μ) of a spinning nucleus precesses due to an external magnetic field directed along the z-axis. The precession of the magnetic moment vector about the magnetic field is called Larmor precession,...
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Production of Synthetic Nuclear Melt Glass
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Nucleon Energy Correlators for the Color Glass Condensate.

Hao-Yu Liu1, Xiaohui Liu2,3,4, Ji-Chen Pan5

  • 1College of Mathematics and Physics, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China.

Physical Review Letters
|May 19, 2023
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The nucleon energy-energy correlator (NEEC) reveals gluon saturation in electron-nucleus collisions at small x. This inclusive probe offers new insights into small-x dynamics, differing from collinear factorization predictions.

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Area of Science:

  • High-energy nuclear physics
  • Quantum chromodynamics
  • Particle physics

Background:

  • Understanding the behavior of quarks and gluons in nuclei at high energies is crucial.
  • Small-x physics in electron-nucleus (eA) collisions probes the dense gluon environment.
  • Existing probes often require complex final states like jets or hadrons.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To introduce and validate the nucleon energy-energy correlator (NEEC) as a novel probe for gluon saturation.
  • To demonstrate NEEC's capability in exploring small-x dynamics in eA collisions.
  • To compare NEEC predictions with collinear factorization expectations.

Main Methods:

  • Theoretical calculation of the nucleon energy-energy correlator (NEEC) function, f_{EEC}(x,θ).
  • Analysis of the angular (θ) distribution of the NEEC.
  • Comparison of NEEC predictions with theoretical models, including collinear factorization.

Main Results:

  • The NEEC function f_{EEC}(x,θ) is shown to be sensitive to gluon saturation effects.
  • The angular distribution of NEEC provides a clear signature of small-x dynamics.
  • Saturation predictions from NEEC differ significantly from collinear factorization predictions.

Conclusions:

  • The NEEC is a powerful and inclusive tool for studying gluon saturation in eA collisions.
  • NEEC offers a new avenue to probe the small-x regime, complementary to traditional methods.
  • The observed differences highlight the limitations of collinear factorization at small x.