Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Reason and Intuition01:37

Reason and Intuition

6.5K
The human brain processes information for decision-making using one of two routes: an intuitive system and a rational system (Epstein, 1994; popularized by Kahneman, 2011 as System 1 and System 2, respectively). The intuitive system is quick, impulsive, and operates with minimal effort, relying on emotions or habits to provide cues for what to do next, while the rational system is logical, analytical, deliberate, and methodical. Research in neuropsychology suggests that the...
6.5K
Decision Making01:20

Decision Making

112
Decision-making is a fundamental cognitive process that involves evaluating alternatives and selecting among them. This process can range from simple choices, such as deciding what to wear, to complex decisions, like choosing a major in college or a career path. The complexity of the decision often dictates the approach we use, which can be broadly categorized into two types: automatic and controlled decision-making.
Automatic decision-making is fast, intuitive, and relies on gut feelings...
112
Decision Making: P-value Method01:09

Decision Making: P-value Method

5.4K
The process of hypothesis testing based on the P-value method includes calculating the P- value using the sample data and interpreting it.
First, a specific claim about the population parameter is proposed. The claim is based on the research question and is stated in a simple form. Further, an opposing statement to the claim  is also stated. These statements can act as null and alternative hypotheses:  a null hypothesis would be a neutral statement while the alternative hypothesis can...
5.4K
Decision Making: Traditional Method01:14

Decision Making: Traditional Method

4.0K
The process of hypothesis testing based on the traditional method includes calculating the critical value, testing the value of the test statistic using the sample data, and interpreting these values.
First, a specific claim about the population parameter is decided based on the research question and is stated in a simple form. Further, an opposing statement to this claim is also stated. These statements can act as null and alternative hypotheses, out of which a null hypothesis would be a...
4.0K
The Availability Heuristic01:08

The Availability Heuristic

6.0K
A heuristic is a general problem-solving framework (Tversky & Kahneman, 1974). You can think of these as mental shortcuts that are used to solve problems. Different types of heuristics are used in different types of situations, and the impulse to use a heuristic occurs when one of five conditions is met (Pratkanis, 1989):
6.0K
Uncertainty: Overview00:59

Uncertainty: Overview

560
In analytical chemistry, we often perform repetitive measurements to detect and minimize inaccuracies caused by both determinate and indeterminate errors. Despite the cares we take, the presence of random errors means that repeated measurements almost never have exactly the same magnitude. The collective difference between these measurements - observed values - and the estimated or expected value is called uncertainty. Uncertainty is conventionally written after the estimated or expected value.
560

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Temporal and nontemporal control in a midsession reversal task with variable intertrial intervals.

Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior·2026
Same author

Evidence of the conjunction fallacy in Rats (Rattus norvegicus) following two-lever choice training.

Journal of comparative psychology (Washington, D.C. : 1983)·2026
Same author

The 'less-is-better' effect in capuchin monkeys (Sapajus sp.): Some data and a contrast-like hypothesis.

Behavioural processes·2025
Same author

Starlings solve the ephemeral reward task.

Journal of experimental psychology. Animal learning and cognition·2025
Same author

Reversal learning and aging: Exploring simple discrimination learning, learning-set, and functional classes.

Learning & behavior·2025
Same author

Midsession Reversal Task with Variable Trial Spacings: Further Tests of the Timing Hypothesis with Starlings.

Perspectives on behavior science·2025
Same journal

Flexible Time-Series Analysis: A Dynamically Aware Method for Inferring Directed Dependencies in Behavioral Data.

Behavioural processes·2026
Same journal

Effects of group size and landmarks on escape behavior of three fish species.

Behavioural processes·2026
Same journal

Vocal individuality in two sympatric seabird species: The role of developmental strategy, analytical approach and sample size.

Behavioural processes·2026
Same journal

No evidence of sex-specific responses to chemosensory risk assessment cues in Harts rivulus.

Behavioural processes·2026
Same journal

Exploratory responses of rats to cage-mates and conspecifics from another cage in a habituation-dishabituation paradigm with multiple habituation stimuli.

Behavioural processes·2026
Same journal

Observation of drinking behaviour in the Ursus arctos marsicanus at a tree cavity (dendrotelm) in the central Apennines.

Behavioural processes·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 8, 2025

Measuring the Subjective Value of Risky and Ambiguous Options using Experimental Economics and Functional MRI Methods
13:04

Measuring the Subjective Value of Risky and Ambiguous Options using Experimental Economics and Functional MRI Methods

Published on: September 19, 2012

12.1K

Time, uncertainty, and suboptimal choice.

Alejandro Macías1, Valeria V González2, Armando Machado3

  • 1Department of Education and Psychology, University of Aveiro, Portugal.

Behavioural Processes
|December 10, 2023
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Pigeons often choose information over a higher chance of food. Delaying outcome information reduced this preference, suggesting immediate disambiguation drives their suboptimal choices.

Keywords:
Delayed informationPigeonsSuboptimal choiceΔ-Σ hypothesis

More Related Videos

Errors as a Means of Reducing Impulsive Food Choice
07:07

Errors as a Means of Reducing Impulsive Food Choice

Published on: June 5, 2016

8.7K
The Joint Effect of Social Comparison and Social Distance on Evaluation of Intertemporal Choice Outcomes in Event-related Potential Studies
08:24

The Joint Effect of Social Comparison and Social Distance on Evaluation of Intertemporal Choice Outcomes in Event-related Potential Studies

Published on: August 25, 2023

735

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 8, 2025

Measuring the Subjective Value of Risky and Ambiguous Options using Experimental Economics and Functional MRI Methods
13:04

Measuring the Subjective Value of Risky and Ambiguous Options using Experimental Economics and Functional MRI Methods

Published on: September 19, 2012

12.1K
Errors as a Means of Reducing Impulsive Food Choice
07:07

Errors as a Means of Reducing Impulsive Food Choice

Published on: June 5, 2016

8.7K
The Joint Effect of Social Comparison and Social Distance on Evaluation of Intertemporal Choice Outcomes in Event-related Potential Studies
08:24

The Joint Effect of Social Comparison and Social Distance on Evaluation of Intertemporal Choice Outcomes in Event-related Potential Studies

Published on: August 25, 2023

735

Area of Science:

  • Behavioral economics
  • Animal cognition
  • Decision-making under uncertainty

Background:

  • Pigeons exhibit a preference for informative cues over higher probabilities of reward.
  • This preference is observed even when the informative option has a lower overall success rate.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate if immediate outcome disambiguation influences pigeons' preference for informative cues.
  • To explore the role of timing in decision-making and information seeking.

Main Methods:

  • Two experiments were conducted using a choice paradigm with pigeons.
  • The delay (t) between choice and outcome disambiguation was manipulated.
  • Stimuli SG (food) and SR (no food) were presented for varying durations.

Main Results:

  • Preference for the informative option decreased as the delay (t) increased.
  • The effect of delay was more pronounced when the "always food" stimulus (SG) was delayed.
  • This indicates that the immediacy of information is crucial for the observed preference.

Conclusions:

  • The findings suggest that the immediate availability of information, rather than just its presence, drives pigeons' preference for informative cues.
  • Results have implications for understanding suboptimal choice behavior and information-seeking in decision-making models.