Precision Control of Amphoteric Doping in Cu Bi₂Se₃ Nanoplates

Copper-doped Bi₂Se₃ (Cu Bi₂Se₃) is of considerable interest for tailoring its electronic properties and inducing exotic charge correlations while retaining the unique Dirac surface states. However, the copper dopants in Cu Bi₂Se₃ display complex electronic behaviors and may function as either electron donors or acceptors depending on their concentration and atomic sites within the Bi₂Se₃ crystal lattice. Thus, a precise understanding and control of the doping concentration and sites is of both fundamental and practical significance. Herein, we report a solution-based one-pot synthesis of Cu Bi₂Se₃ nanoplates with systematically tunable Cu doping concentrations and doping sites. Our studies reveal a gradual evolution from intercalative sites to substitutional sites with increasing Cu concentrations. The Cu atoms at intercalative sites function as electron donors while those at the substitutional sites function as electron acceptors, producing distinct effects on the electronic properties of the resulting materials. We further show that Cu_0.18Bi₂Se₃ exhibits superconducting behavior, which is not present in Bi₂Se₃, highlighting the essential role of Cu doping in tailoring exotic quantum properties. This study establishes an efficient methodology for precise synthesis of Cu Bi₂Se₃ with tailored doping concentrations, doping sites, and electronic properties.