A Critical Review of Endoscopic Spine Surgery

This is a critical review of the data supporting current endoscopic surgical techniques for the spine, limitations, economic barriers to adoption, and the future of the field. Endoscopic spine approaches can be applied to all levels of the spine, with many robust trials supporting its clinical outcomes. Although financial limitations with starting an endoscopic program can be justified by its cost effectiveness and positive societal impact, challenges facing its widespread adoption are present and more endoscopic spine programs are needed. Technological advancements will further enhance endoscopic techniques as they become an integral part of a spine surgeon's repertoire.