Related Experiment Video
Updated: May 7, 2025
Transoral Endoscopic Thyroidectomy Vestibular Approach for Thyroid Lobectomy
Published on: May 12, 2023
Systematic review of the association between thyroid disorders and hyperprolactinemia
Adeel Ahmad Khan1, Rohit Sharma2, Fateen Ata3
1Department of Internal Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Akron General, Akron, OH, USA.
Introduction:
Thyroid disease (TD), particularly hypothyroidism, is an important etiology of hyperprolactinemia (HPRL). We conducted a systematic review of the clinical characteristics, management, and outcomes of adults (> 18 years) with this clinical association.
Materials And Methods:
We searched PUBMED, SCOPUS, and EMBASE to find eligible articles published in English from any date till 15th December 2022.
Results:
The final systematic review included 804 patients from 47 articles, of which the majority (85.9%) were females. Menstrual irregularity was the most prominent symptom of HPRL (74.3%). Subclinical hypothyroidism (57.1%) was the most reported TD. Individual patient data were available for 62 patients from 35 studies. The median age was 32 (25-42) years, TSH was 110.25 (50-345.4) mU/L, and PRL level was 60 (37.6-91) ng/ml. On treating TD, 38 (70.4%) patients had complete resolution and 10 (18.5%) had an improvement in HPRL. Of 38 patients with pituitary imaging, 26 (68.4%) showed pituitary enlargement, and 13 (34.2%) showed a suprasellar extension. 13 (76.5%) patients had complete resolution and 3 (17.6%) had an improvement in pituitary enlargement on TD treatment. A positive correlation was observed between higher serum TSH levels and higher serum prolactin levels. Patients with pituitary enlargement on imaging had a higher TSH level compared to those without any pituitary enlargement (Median of 263 (61-602) vs. 50 (24.3-128) mU/L; p-value = 0.01).
Conclusion:
Thyroid hormone replacement can lead to resolution of HPRL and pituitary enlargement in the majority of patients with HPRL due to overt or subclinical hypothyroidism without the need for dopamine agonist treatment.
Related Concept Videos
01:20Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones
Upon reaching the thyroid gland, TSH stimulates the follicular cells' active uptake of iodide ions from the blood. The ions diffuse to the apical surface of the cells and are oxidized to iodine. The...
01:27Major Hormones and Their Functions
Oxytocin, produced in the hypothalamus and released by the pituitary gland, plays a role in social bonding, childbirth, and...
01:18Functions of Thyroid Hormones
TH is indispensable for the normal development and maturation of the skeletal, muscular, and nervous systems during fetal and childhood growth. It facilitates bone mineral turnover and regulates protein synthesis in developing tissues, contributing significantly to overall growth and...
01:40Hormonal Regulation
01:27Adrenal Gland Disorders
Adrenal insufficiency, characterized by insufficient cortisol and aldosterone production, leads to conditions like Addison's disease. This disorder, affecting the adrenal cortex, exhibits symptoms such as skin bronzing, dehydration, low blood pressure, fatigue, and weight loss. Congenital adrenal hyperplasia, a genetic ailment causing...
01:17Hormones and Bone Tissue
Hormones That Influence Osteoblasts and/or Maintain the Matrix
Several hormones are necessary for controlling bone growth and maintaining the bone matrix. The pituitary gland secretes growth hormone (GH), which, as its name implies, controls bone growth. This happens in several ways: first, it triggers chondrocyte...