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Related Concept Videos

Design Example: Measuring Distance Between Two Points with Obstructions01:10

Design Example: Measuring Distance Between Two Points with Obstructions

When measuring distances in areas with physical obstructions, such as a lake in a field, surveyors must employ techniques to calculate accurate lengths without direct line measurements. One effective method is the offset technique, which allows for precise distance estimation over inaccessible stretches.In this scenario, a surveyor must measure a side of an area that crosses a lake. Since the measuring tape cannot span the lake, the surveyor begins by establishing a baseline that aligns with...
Introduction and Methods of Leveling01:26

Introduction and Methods of Leveling

Leveling is a surveying procedure used to determine elevation differences between distant points. Elevation refers to the vertical distance above or below a reference datum, typically mean sea level (MSL). In the United States, elevations are often referenced to the mean sea level station at Father Point Rimouski along the St. Lawrence Seaway. To make the datum accessible, permanent markers are established throughout the region. These markers, called benchmarks, have known elevations. If the...
Leveling Equipment01:18

Leveling Equipment

As leveling involves measuring vertical distances relative to a horizontal line of sight, it requires a graduated rod, called a level rod, for vertical measurements and an instrument called a level for a horizontal sight line. A level includes a high-powered telescope with a mechanism for leveling to ensure the line of sight is horizontal when the bubble in the spirit level is centered. Leveling rods, made of wood, metal, or fiberglass, are graduated in feet or meters and commonly used in two-...
Differential Leveling01:12

Differential Leveling

Differential leveling is a precise method in surveying used to determine the elevation difference between two points. Its primary goal is to establish accurate vertical measurements to create level surfaces or grade lines critical for designing and constructing infrastructures such as roads, bridges, and buildings.The procedure for differential leveling begins with setting up and leveling the instrument at a point where the benchmark can be seen. The level rod is held on the benchmark (BM), and...
Design Example: Maintaining Level of an Embankment01:19

Design Example: Maintaining Level of an Embankment

Constructing a roadway embankment over uneven terrain requires precise leveling to ensure stability and proper drainage. Surveyors use a leveling instrument and staff to calculate ground elevations and determine the required fill material at each point along the embankment alignment.The process begins by positioning a leveling instrument near a benchmark with a known elevation. A backsight reading establishes the instrument height, which serves as a reference for subsequent measurements. A...
Design Example: Identifying the Locations of Monuments in the Field Using Global Positioning System Device01:30

Design Example: Identifying the Locations of Monuments in the Field Using Global Positioning System Device

Surveyors use Global Positioning System (GPS) technology to measure the precise location and elevation of points on Earth. In a recent survey, GPS receivers were used to determine the coordinates and elevations of two park monuments. The process involved careful mission planning, data collection, and correction to ensure accuracy. The survey began with mission planning to identify optimal satellite visibility and minimize Position Dilution of Precision (PDOP). A geodetic control point served as...

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Design and Use of a Full Flow Sampling System FFS for the Quantification of Methane Emissions
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Design, Build, and Initial Testing of a Portable Methane Measurement Platform.

Stuart N Riddick1,2, John C Riddick3, Elijah Kiplimo2

  • 1Department of Science, Engineering and Aviation, University of the Highlands and Islands Perth, Crieff Road, Perth PH1 2NX, UK.

Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)
|April 12, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

New, lower-cost methane sensors are being tested for accuracy and resolution. The Wireless Autonomous Transportable Methane Emission Reporting System (WATCH4ERS) evaluates four technologies for effective methane emission monitoring and climate goal achievement.

Keywords:
concentrationmethanequantification

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Area of Science:

  • Environmental Science
  • Atmospheric Chemistry
  • Instrumentation and Measurement

Background:

  • Accurate methane concentration measurement is vital for quantifying emissions and assessing climate change mitigation strategies.
  • The high cost of traditional methane analyzers limits widespread deployment for monitoring millions of emission sites.
  • Development of lower-cost sensor technologies is crucial for expanding methane monitoring coverage.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and evaluate the Wireless Autonomous Transportable Methane Emission Reporting System (WATCH4ERS), integrating four distinct methane sensing technologies.
  • To assess the performance, accuracy, and resolution of commercially available, lower-cost methane sensors.
  • To inform future large-scale methane monitoring strategies by understanding the cost-benefit balance of different sensor technologies.

Main Methods:

  • Integration of four sensing technologies into the WATCH4ERS unit: Metal Oxide (MOx), Non-dispersion Infrared (NDIR), Integrated Infrared (INIR), and Tunable Diode Laser Absorption Spectrometer (TDLAS).
  • Initial calibration procedures and controlled methane release experiments to evaluate sensor responses.
  • Analysis of sensor performance, including response time, accuracy, and detection limits.

Main Results:

  • The INIR sensor demonstrated limited utility for methane concentrations below 500 ppm.
  • The MOx sensor exhibited a logarithmic response but showed slow response times for sub-minute concentration changes.
  • The NDIR sensor provided a linear response up to 600 ppm but displayed a lag and missed rapid concentration shifts. TDLAS offered full detection but at a high cost.

Conclusions:

  • Each sensor technology has potential for methane emission quantification but requires optimization through operational design or deployment strategy.
  • WATCH4ERS units will be deployed in real-world settings to further investigate the practical utility of these diverse methane sensing technologies.
  • Findings will contribute to understanding the cost-benefit trade-offs and inform strategies for increasing methane monitoring coverage.