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Related Concept Videos

Tumor Immunotherapy01:27

Tumor Immunotherapy

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Immunotherapy is a treatment that boosts or manipulates the immune system to fight diseases, including cancer. For instance, by stimulating an immune response through vaccinations against viruses that cause cancers, like hepatitis B virus and human papillomavirus, these diseases can be prevented. Nonetheless, some cancer cells can avoid the immune system due to their rapid mutation and division. The immune response to many cancers involves three phases: elimination, equilibrium, and escape.
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Targeted Cancer Therapies02:57

Targeted Cancer Therapies

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The targeted cancer therapies, also known as “molecular targeted therapies,” take advantage of the molecular and genetic differences between the cancer cells and the normal cells. It needs a thorough understanding of the cancer cells to develop drugs that can target specific molecular aspects that drive the growth, progression, and spread of cancer cells without affecting the growth and survival of other normal cells in the body.
There are several types of targeted therapies against...
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Cancer Vaccines01:30

Cancer Vaccines

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Cancer treatment vaccines are a rapidly evolving field that offers a promising approach to immunotherapy. Unlike traditional vaccines that prevent diseases, cancer treatment vaccines are designed to treat existing cancers by stimulating the immune system to recognize and attack cancer cells.
Cancer vaccines come in two categories: preventive (prophylactic) and treatment (active). Preventive vaccines, such as the Human Papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine, protect against viruses that cause certain...
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Combination Therapies and Personalized Medicine02:50

Combination Therapies and Personalized Medicine

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Combining two or more treatment methods increases the life span of cancer patients while reducing damage to vital organs or tissue from the overuse of a single treatment. Combination therapy also targets different cancer-inducing pathways, thus reducing the chances of developing resistance to treatment.
The combination of the drug acetazolamide and sulforaphane is a good example of combination therapy to treat cancer. The cells in the interior of a large tumor often die due to the hypoxic and...
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Skin Cancer01:30

Skin Cancer

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Skin cancer is a type of cancer that occurs when there is an abnormal growth of skin cells, usually triggered by damage to the DNA within the skin cells. It is primarily caused by exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun or artificial sources like tanning beds. Skin cancer is the most common type of cancer worldwide, and its incidence continues to rise.
Basal Cell Carcinoma (BCC): BCC is the most common type of skin cancer, accounting for about 80% of cases. It typically develops in...
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The Tumor Microenvironment02:17

The Tumor Microenvironment

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Every normal cell or tissue is embedded in a complex local environment called stroma, consisting of different cell types, a basal membrane, and blood vessels. As normal cells mutate and develop into cancer cells, their local environment also changes to allow cancer progression. The tumor microenvironment (TME) consists of a complex cellular matrix of stromal cells and the developing tumor. The cross-talk between cancer cells and surrounding stromal cells is critical to disrupt normal tissue...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 10, 2025

Experimental Melanoma Immunotherapy Model Using Tumor Vaccination with a Hematopoietic Cytokine
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Experimental Melanoma Immunotherapy Model Using Tumor Vaccination with a Hematopoietic Cytokine

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Immunotherapy in Melanoma.

Yan Xing1, Helena T Wu2,3, Swapnil Rajurkar3

  • 1City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, CA, USA. yxing@coh.org.

Cancer Treatment and Research
|August 23, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Systemic treatments for cutaneous melanoma, including immunotherapy and targeted therapies, improve survival in neoadjuvant, adjuvant, and Stage IV settings. Treatment selection is guided by disease stage and BRAF mutation status.

Keywords:
AdjuvantBRAF mutationDabrafenibImmunotherapyIpilimumabMelanomaNeoadjuvantNivolumabStage IV melanomaTargeted therapy

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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Dermatology
  • Immunotherapy

Background:

  • Cutaneous melanoma treatment has evolved significantly with systemic therapies.
  • Understanding optimal strategies for different disease stages is crucial for patient outcomes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current systemic treatment strategies for cutaneous melanoma.
  • To discuss neoadjuvant, adjuvant, and Stage IV treatment approaches.
  • To highlight efficacy, toxicity, and emerging therapies.

Main Methods:

  • Review of systemic treatment modalities for cutaneous melanoma.
  • Analysis of therapies in neoadjuvant, adjuvant, and metastatic settings.
  • Inclusion of data on immune checkpoint inhibitors and targeted therapies.

Main Results:

  • Neoadjuvant therapy with nivolumab plus ipilimumab shows high response rates.
  • Adjuvant immunotherapy and targeted therapy improve relapse-free survival in high-risk melanoma.
  • Stage IV treatment utilizes immunotherapy and MAPK pathway inhibitors based on BRAF status.

Conclusions:

  • Systemic therapies significantly enhance survival and treatment-free intervals in cutaneous melanoma.
  • Treatment selection is personalized based on disease stage and molecular markers.
  • Emerging therapies like tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes offer future treatment avenues.