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Overview of Anatomy and Physiology01:24

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Human anatomy is the scientific study of the body's structures. Some of these structures are very small and can only be observed and analyzed with the assistance of a microscope. Other larger structures can readily be seen, manipulated, measured, and weighed. The word "anatomy" comes from a Greek root that means "to cut apart." Human anatomy was first studied by observing the body's exterior and the wounds of soldiers and other injuries. Later, physicians were allowed to...
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Knowledge of anatomy is essential to understand human biology and medicine. Anatomists and health care professionals use standard terminology to describe the human body with more precision and no ambiguity. Anatomical terms have mostly Greek and Latin-derived roots. Because these languages are rarely used in conversation, the meaning of words remains the same. Each term is made up of a root in between the prefixes and suffixes. The root of a term often refers to an organ, tissue, or condition,...
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The two main features of a long bone are the diaphysis and the epiphysis.
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Gross Anatomy of Skeletal Muscles01:12

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The connective tissues play a significant role in arranging the muscle fibers into a hierarchical structure that forms a complete muscle. Consider a muscle like the bicep brachii, commonly called the bicep. This muscle comprises thousands of muscle fibers enclosed by a protective layer of connective tissue called the endomysium. The endomysium is primarily composed of reticular fibers, a type of thin collagen fiber. It allows the exchange of nutrients and waste products at the fiber level,...
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In anatomy, several standard anatomical positions are used as references for describing the position and orientation of different body parts. These positions help provide a common frame of reference when discussing anatomical structures. The anatomical position is the standard reference point for describing the body's position and orientation. In this position:
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Mixed Reality Technology and Three-Dimensional Printing in Teaching: Heart Anatomy as an Example
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Work-based Surface Anatomy Teaching Model: A Contextualized Method for Promoting Learning Competencies in Medical

Yasrul Izad Abu Bakar1,2, Muhamad Saiful Bahri Yusoff2, Fazlina Kasim3

  • 1Department of Medical and Health Professionals Education, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Campus, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin, Kuala Terengganu, Terengganu Malaysia.

Medical Science Educator
|October 20, 2025
PubMed
Summary

The Work-based Surface Anatomy Teaching (WSAT) model improved medical students' learning engagement and skill acquisition compared to traditional methods. This innovative approach enhances cognitive, psychomotor, and affective competencies in medical education.

Keywords:
Learning competencyMedical curriculumSurface anatomyWork-based Surface Anatomy TeachingWork-based learning

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Area of Science:

  • Medical Education
  • Anatomy
  • Health Professions Education

Background:

  • Surface anatomy is vital for clinical skills but often underemphasized in medical curricula.
  • Empirical evidence supporting surface anatomy teaching effectiveness is limited.
  • A Work-based Surface Anatomy Teaching (WSAT) model was developed based on scoping reviews.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To introduce and evaluate the Work-based Surface Anatomy Teaching (WSAT) model.
  • To compare the WSAT model's effectiveness against routine surface anatomy instruction.
  • To assess impacts on knowledge retention, cognitive load, engagement, and competencies.

Main Methods:

  • A randomized controlled trial with 27 participants was conducted.
  • Expert ratings validated the WSAT model's content and validity.
  • Pre- and post-assessments measured learning outcomes and cognitive load.

Main Results:

  • The WSAT group showed significantly lower extraneous cognitive load.
  • Intervention participants reported higher self-perceived learning and engagement.
  • WSAT instruction led to superior acquisition of cognitive, psychomotor, and affective competencies.

Conclusions:

  • The WSAT model demonstrates significant benefits for medical student learning and skill development.
  • Further research is needed to explore WSAT's impact on learning behaviors and its broader applicability.
  • Larger, multi-institutional trials are recommended to confirm feasibility and enhance medical education practices.