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Early Markers for Dementia in the Intellectual Disability Population: A Systematic Literature Review
Jade Dunning1, Melanie Hodgkinson1, Mark Rose2
1School of Psychology, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK.
Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities : JARID
|October 24, 2025
Summary
Dementia in adults with intellectual disability, particularly Down syndrome, may show early signs beyond memory loss. Decline in language, executive function, and behavior can also indicate early dementia.
Area of Science:
- Neurology
- Gerontology
- Developmental Disabilities
Background:
- Adults with intellectual disability (ID), especially those with Down syndrome (DS), face a higher risk of dementia.
- While memory decline is often the first recognized symptom, early changes may also manifest in language, executive function, and non-cognitive areas.
Conclusions:
- Early dementia symptoms in individuals with ID and DS are not limited to memory impairment.
- Current assessment guidelines for dementia detection need expansion to include a broader range of symptoms.
- Further research is essential to overcome methodological limitations and enhance early detection strategies for dementia in this vulnerable population.
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