Advancements and challenges in autonomous endovascular interventional robotics: A comprehensive review

Cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases remain major global health challenges. Minimally invasive endovascular interventions have become preferred treatments due to reduced trauma, pain, and recovery time. However, the advancement of endovascular interventional robotic systems (EIRSs) is constrained by limited imaging depth, heavy dependence on physician experience, and restricted device maneuverability. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the sensing, control, and execution modules that form the core of these EIRSs. It analyzes the fundamental challenges within each component and explores potential strategies to enhance system intelligence and autonomy. By integrating current progress with forward-looking insights, the review highlights pathways toward safer, more efficient, and greater autonomous robotic interventions. The ultimate aim is to advance the development of next-generation robotic platforms that can improve procedural precision and broaden patient access to high-quality vascular care.