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Maria Pilar Aparisi Gómez1,2, Giuseppe Guglielmi3,4,5, Alberto Bazzocchi6

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Athletes may develop metabolic bone disease from training and nutrition issues. Early detection and interventions like diet changes and bone density screening are key for skeletal health.

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Area of Science:

  • Sports Medicine
  • Orthopedics
  • Endocrinology

Background:

  • Metabolic bone disease in athletes stems from complex nutritional, hormonal, and mechanical factors.
  • Dysregulated bone turnover, hormonal imbalances, and microdamage contribute to impaired bone strength and density.
  • Athletes face risks like decreased bone mineral density and fractures due to training and nutritional deficits.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the pathophysiology, detection, and prevention of metabolic bone disease in athletes.
  • To highlight the susceptibility of female athletes to osteoporosis and osteopenia (female athlete triad).
  • To emphasize the importance of an integrated approach for maintaining skeletal health in athletes.

Main Methods:

  • Review of literature on metabolic bone disease in athletic populations.
  • Discussion of contributing factors including training load, nutrition (calcium, vitamin D), and hormonal status.
  • Examination of diagnostic tools like MRI and DXA for early detection.

Main Results:

  • Excessive training, inadequate recovery, and nutritional deficiencies disrupt bone remodeling.
  • Female athletes with menstrual irregularities and energy deficits are at higher risk.
  • Hormonal disturbances like hypogonadism affect both male and female athletes.

Conclusions:

  • Early diagnosis through imaging and bone mineral density screening is crucial.
  • Prevention involves nutritional optimization, balanced training, and hormonal regulation.
  • An integrated approach combining diagnosis, lifestyle changes, and education is vital for athletes' skeletal health.