Related Experiment Video
Updated: Feb 12, 2026

Ultrasound-guided Botulinum Toxin-A Injections: A Method of Treating Sialorrhea
Published on: November 9, 2016
Botulinum Toxin A in Poststroke Oromandibular Dystonia: Case Reports
Elena Brevi1, Davide Villa2, Davide Dalla Costa3
1School of Specialization in Physical Therapy and Rehabilitative Medicine, The University of Milan, Milan, Italy, unimi.it.
Background:
Poststroke oromandibular dystonia (OMD) is a rare and challenging to treat form of dystonia. Botulinum toxin A (BoNT-A) is a standard treatment in other etiologies of OMD, but literature concerning a long-term potential beneficial role in posthemorrhagic stroke OMD is scarce.
Cases:
We present a case series of three patients with acute onset of multiple cranial nerve impairment and contralateral hemiparesis consequent to pontine hemorrhage. After a few months, all patients developed jaw-closing OMD (JC-OMD), conditioning a reduced mouth opening. Ultrasound-guided BoNT-A administration was started, and after 4 weeks, every patient showed clinical improvement. The results were maintained up to 10 years of follow-up, and no adverse event was reported.
Conclusions:
Poststroke OMD is an underestimated condition. Our cases provided data of safety and efficacy of BoNT-A treatment up to 10 years of follow-up. Further studies are warranted to establish etiopathological mechanisms and standardized treatments for poststroke JC-OMD.
Related Concept Videos
Directly Acting Muscle Relaxants: Dantrolene and Botulinum Toxin
The binding of dantrolene to the RYR1...
Types of Toxins
Air pollutants, primarily gases, pose significant threats to respiratory health, leading to conditions like hypoxia, lung cancer, and in extreme cases, death.
Environmental pollutants like...
Data Reporting and Recording
Types of Reports I: Hands-off Report
Following are the key components and categories of hand-off reports:
Purpose and Process:
Types of Reports II: Incident or Occurrence Report
Purposes:
In the healthcare industry, reports play a crucial role in documenting incidents within an agency. The primary objective of these reports is to ensure patient safety, uphold the...
Types of Reports III: Telephone and Verbal Reports
Here's an overview of each type:
Telephone Orders

