Antibiotic Residues in Animal-Food Matrices in the Southern Africa Development Community: A Systematic Review

Antibiotic residues in animal-food matrices (AFMs) pose a serious global health threat. This study aimed to ascertain whether antibiotic residues were present in AFM and the detection methods employed. Literature from 1976 to 2025 was searched from Science Direct, ScienceGate, PubMed, and Google Scholar, and synthesized. Out of 3,742 papers screened, 31 that met the eligibility criteria and quality assessment were included in the systematic review and meta-analysis. A random effects meta-analysis of antibiotic residue prevalence was performed using the Estimation Statistics Confidence Interval module implemented in the R language. Out of 10, 258 AFMs sampled, 28.1% (2887) tested positive for antibiotic residues. Goat milk had (99.6%) of antibiotic residues, fish (98.5%), chicken eggs (92.5%), chicken meat (53.3%), cattle meat (42.6%), pig meat (37.7%), and cattle milk (15.6%). 37.9% of tetracycline residues were above Maximum Residue Limits (MRLs), followed by sulphonamides (25.0%), aminoglycosides (17.9%), beta-lactams (8.9%), fluoroquinolones (7.4%), amphenicols (2.3%), and nitrofurans (0.6%). Random effects meta-analysis reported an overall mean prevalence of 52.1% (95% CI: 36.4-67.7%) of antibiotic residues in meat and 26.0% (08-51.2%) in milk. A total of 16 studies (53.3%) out of 31 utilized commercial microbial inhibitor tests, 23.3% used chromatography tests, 10% used both chromatography and immunology tests, 6.7% used immunology tests, 3.3% used both microbial and immunology tests, and 3.3% used both chromatography and microbial inhibition tests. Antibiotic residues are more prevalent in AFM within SADC, even above MRLs. This poses significant public health concerns and requires policy formulation that promotes prudent antibiotic usage and one health.