Intelligent optoelectronics and electronics based on electrospinning technology

Electrospinning (ES) has emerged as a cutting-edge technology for the development of next-generation intelligent optoelectronics and flexible electronics, thanks to its high-throughput production capabilities, structural versatility, and multifunctional potential. Electrospun nanofibers (NFs), characterized by their high specific surface area, structural adaptability, and customizable properties, present a compelling alternative to conventional materials and fabrication strategies. Despite notable research advancements, a systematic understanding of the optimization of structure-property relationships and scalable integration techniques for ES-based intelligent (opto)electronic devices remains lacking. In this review, we provide a comprehensive summary of recent advances in ES NFs for intelligent electronic and optoelectronic systems, including photodetectors, synaptic devices, transistors, and gas sensors. Next, we critically analyze mechanisms for property modulation via control of crystallinity, defect engineering, and heterostructure design, demonstrating how these microscale strategies enhance device performance and multifunctionality. Furthermore, we discuss broader implications and persistent technological bottlenecks in ES technology, identifying key opportunities for future research. Finally, we emphasize the need for precise multi-scale engineering and innovative designs to advance ES NFs toward intelligent, multifunctional, and commercially viable applications.