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Related Concept Videos

Cranial and Spinal Meninges01:19

Cranial and Spinal Meninges

The cranial and spinal meninges are complex protective structures surrounding the central nervous system (CNS), consisting of the brain and spinal cord. These meninges consist of the dura mater, the arachnoid mater, and the pia mater. They protect the CNS, provide structural support, and aid in circulating cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).
Cranial Meninges
These meningeal layers cover the cranium. The dura mater is the outermost layer of cranial meninges. It is a thick and durable membrane of dense...
The Spinal Cord01:54

The Spinal Cord

The spinal cord is the body’s major nerve tract of the central nervous system, communicating afferent sensory information from the periphery to the brain and efferent motor information from the brain to the body. The human spinal cord extends from the hole at the base of the skull, or foramen magnum, to the level of the first or second lumbar vertebra.
Spinal Cord: Gross Anatomy01:15

Spinal Cord: Gross Anatomy

The spinal cord resides within the protective confines of the vertebral column. It is the main pathway for information traveling between the brain and the body. It plays a fundamental role in nearly all bodily functions, from simple reflexes to complex motor movements. The spinal cord begins at the medulla oblongata at the base of the brainstem and extends downward, terminating at the conus medullaris near the first and second lumbar vertebrae. The spinal cord's length in adults is...
Spinal Cord01:26

Spinal Cord

The spinal cord, a critical component of the central nervous system, extends from the base of the brainstem to the lumbar region of the vertebral column. It is essential for maintaining physical stability and facilitating communication between the brain and peripheral parts of the body.
Anatomy of the Brain: Ventricles01:18

Anatomy of the Brain: Ventricles

There are hollow fluid-filled cavities known as ventricles deep inside the human brain. There are two lateral ventricles, one in each cerebral hemisphere, and each has three different projections — the anterior, inferior, and posterior horns visible from the lateral side. A thin membrane called the septum pellucidum separates the two lateral ventricles. The slender third ventricle in the diencephalon is connected to each lateral ventricle via a channel called the interventricular foramen. The...
Cerebral Edema l: Introduction01:19

Cerebral Edema l: Introduction

Cerebral edema is a pathological increase in brain water content that disrupts intracranial pressure regulation and impairs neurological function. Because the cranial vault is rigid, even modest increases in tissue volume can compromise cerebral perfusion, distort neural structures, and initiate secondary injury. Cerebral edema develops through four principal mechanisms: vasogenic, cytotoxic, interstitial, and ionic.Vasogenic EdemaVasogenic edema arises from disruption of the blood–brain...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 11, 2026

Surgical Transplantation of Tumor Cells into the Spinal Cord of Mice
05:39

Surgical Transplantation of Tumor Cells into the Spinal Cord of Mice

Published on: December 27, 2024

Spinal Cord Ependymomas.

Lawrence F Borges1, Opeyemi Alabi2, Ganesh Shankar2

  • 1Department of Neurological Surgery, Mass General Brigham, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.

Neurosurgery Clinics of North America
|June 9, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Spinal cord ependymomas, the most common adult intramedullary tumors, are best treated with complete surgical removal. Future advances require better early diagnosis and enhanced surgical techniques for improved outcomes.

Keywords:
EpendymomaIntramedullaryOutcomeSpinal tumorSurgery

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Live Imaging of the Ependymal Cilia in the Lateral Ventricles of the Mouse Brain

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Last Updated: Jun 11, 2026

Surgical Transplantation of Tumor Cells into the Spinal Cord of Mice
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Published on: December 27, 2024

Intraoperative Ultrasound in Spinal Surgery
05:53

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Published on: August 17, 2022

Live Imaging of the Ependymal Cilia in the Lateral Ventricles of the Mouse Brain
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Area of Science:

  • Neuro-oncology
  • Neurosurgery
  • Spinal Cord Tumors

Background:

  • Spinal cord ependymomas are the most frequent intramedullary spinal cord tumors in adults.
  • Complete surgical excision preserving neurologic function yields the best treatment outcomes.
  • Surgical resection is complex, demanding significant expertise and a multidisciplinary team.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To highlight the current standard of care for spinal cord ependymomas.
  • To identify areas for future advancements in diagnosis and treatment.
  • To emphasize the importance of preserving neurologic function during surgery.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current treatment strategies for spinal cord ependymomas.
  • Discussion of diagnostic modalities including imaging and potential liquid biopsies.
  • Analysis of surgical challenges and the need for enhanced functional preservation.

Main Results:

  • Complete surgical excision is the current gold standard for optimal outcomes.
  • Early differential diagnosis through advanced imaging and liquid biopsy shows promise.
  • Improving surgical safety and neurologic function preservation is critical.

Conclusions:

  • Further research into early diagnostic tools like liquid biopsy is warranted.
  • Technological and surgical technique advancements are essential for improving patient outcomes.
  • Multidisciplinary collaboration is key to managing these complex spinal cord tumors.