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Salivary Inflammatory Biomarkers in Males With Nephrolithiasis Correlate With Periodontal Status: A Case-Control
Narjes Moneem Alhelfi1, Ali Hadi Fahad1, Salah M Ibrahim2
1Department of Pedodontics, Orthodontics and Preventive, College of Dentistry, University of Kufa, Najaf, Iraq, uokufa.edu.iq.
Biomed Research International
|June 13, 2026
Summary
Elevated salivary levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) are linked to kidney stones and poor periodontal health in young men. Saliva analysis may help identify individuals at risk for these conditions.
Area of Science:
- Biochemistry
- Immunology
- Nephrology
Background:
- Systemic inflammation connects periodontal disease (PD) and nephrolithiasis.
- Proinflammatory cytokines (IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α, IL-1β, MMP-8) are implicated in both conditions.
- Investigates salivary biomarkers in young adult males with kidney stones, linking them to periodontal status and BMI.
Purpose of the Study:
- To investigate salivary levels of key inflammatory biomarkers in young adult males with kidney stones.
- To assess the association between these biomarkers, periodontal status (CPITN), and body mass index (BMI).
Main Methods:
- Case-control study of 109 males (25-35 years): 52 with kidney stones, 57 controls.
- Salivary analysis (ELISA) for IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α, IL-1β, MMP-8.
- Assessment of periodontal health (CPITN), serum CRP, and BMI.
Main Results:
- Kidney stone group showed significantly higher salivary IL-6 and TNF-α.
- Elevated IL-1β and MMP-8 showed a trend but lacked statistical significance post-correction.
- Salivary IL-6, TNF-α, and MMP-8 correlated positively with CPITN scores in the stone group; TNF-α also correlated with BMI.
Conclusions:
- Elevated salivary IL-6 and TNF-α are significantly associated with kidney stones and periodontal status in young males.
- IL-1β and MMP-8 showed a trend toward elevation.
- Salivary analysis offers a noninvasive method for assessing systemic inflammation and identifying at-risk individuals.