LC-MS-Based Metabolomics and Proteomics Sample Preparation of Urine: Methods and Multi-Omics Integration.

Area of Science:

• Biochemistry
• Analytical Chemistry
• Biomarker Discovery

Background:

• Urine is a rich source of metabolomic and proteomic information for disease biomarker identification.
• Single-omics studies are common, but multi-omics approaches (metabolomics, proteomics, transcriptomics, genomics) offer deeper insights and improved diagnostic accuracy.
• Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) is the gold standard for sensitive and specific bioanalysis of metabolites and proteins.

Purpose of the Study:

• To discuss sample preparation techniques for LC-MS-based metabolomics and proteomics in urine.
• To explore the integration of metabolomics and proteomics for a multi-omics approach.
• To review clinical applications, specifically for bladder cancer diagnostics.

Main Methods:

• Focus on sample extraction and preparation methods for urine.
• Discuss individual vs. simultaneous extraction for metabolomics and proteomics.
• Highlight techniques like protein precipitation, liquid-liquid extraction, and solid-phase extraction.

Main Results:

• Sample preparation is a critical step for successful urine metabolomics and proteomics.
• Integrated multi-omics sample preparation strategies can be applied.
• Specific methods used in clinical practice for bladder cancer were examined.

Conclusions:

• Optimized sample preparation is crucial for advancing urine multi-omics research.
• Integrating metabolomics and proteomics enhances biomarker discovery and diagnostic potential.
• This approach holds promise for understanding complex diseases and improving clinical diagnostics.