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Related Concept Videos

Crossing Over01:30

Crossing Over

Crossing over is the exchange of genetic information between homologous chromosomes during prophase I of meiosis I. Genetic recombination gives rise to allelic diversity in the newly formed daughter cells. In humans, crossing over produces genetically distinct haploid egg and sperm cells that undergo fertilization to produce unique offspring. Before cell division starts, the germ cell’s chromosome(s) undergo duplication in the S phase of the cell cycle. As the cells enter prophase I, duplicated...
Crossing Over01:34

Crossing Over

Unlike mitosis, meiosis aims for genetic diversity in its creation of haploid gametes. Dividing germ cells first begin this process in prophase I, where each chromosome—replicated in S phase—is now composed of two sister chromatids (identical copies) joined centrally.
The homologous pairs of sister chromosomes—one from the maternal and one from the paternal genome—then begin to align alongside each other lengthwise, matching corresponding DNA positions in a process called synapsis.
In order to...
Conservative Site-specific Recombination and Phase Variation02:53

Conservative Site-specific Recombination and Phase Variation

Because the DNA segments are cut and reorganized in a direction-specific manner, site-specific recombination has emerged as an efficient genetic engineering technique. Flippase and Cyclization recombinases or Flp and Cre, respectively, are two members of the tyrosine recombinase family derived from bacteriophages, that are used to mediate site-specific DNA insertions, deletions, and targeted expression of proteins in mammalian cell lines.
The recognition sites for Cre recombinase called LoxP...
Gene Conversion02:08

Gene Conversion

Other than maintaining genome stability via DNA repair, homologous recombination plays an important role in diversifying the genome. In fact, the recombination of sequences forms the molecular basis of genomic evolution. Random and non-random permutations of genomic sequences create a library of new amalgamated sequences. These newly formed genomes can determine the fitness and survival of cells. In bacteria, homologous and non-homologous types of recombination lead to the evolution of new...
Exon Recombination02:32

Exon Recombination

The evolution of new genes is critical for speciation. Exon recombination, also known as exon shuffling or domain shuffling, is an important means of new gene formation. It is observed across vertebrates, invertebrates, and in some plants such as potatoes and sunflowers. During exon recombination, exons from the same or different genes recombine and produce new exon-intron combinations, which might evolve into new genes. 
Exon shuffling follows “splice frame rules.” Each exon has three reading...
Meiosis II02:02

Meiosis II

Meiosis II entails cell division and segregation of the sister chromatids, resulting in the production of four unique haploid gametes. The steps for meiosis II are similar to mitosis, except that meiosis II occurs in haploid cells, whereas mitosis occurs in diploid cells.
The timing and cell division patterns of meiosis differ between males and females. In male meiosis, the centrosomes are part of the formation of the meiotic spindle. However, in oocytes, including that of humans, Drosophila,...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 16, 2026

Preparation of Meiotic Chromosome Spreads from Zebrafish Spermatocytes
08:46

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Published on: March 3, 2020

Meiotic Recombination in Teleosts.

Yukiko Imai1

  • 1Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Saitama, Japan. yimai@mail.saitama-u.ac.jp.

Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology
|July 15, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Teleost fishes display diverse meiotic recombination patterns, with relaxed checkpoints enabling unique reproductive strategies like hybridization and polyploidy. Their PRDM9 gene has evolved uniquely, influencing recombination hotspots and sex chromosome development.

Keywords:
HeterochiasmyMeiosisPRDM9RecombinationTeleost

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Last Updated: Jul 16, 2026

Preparation of Meiotic Chromosome Spreads from Zebrafish Spermatocytes
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Published on: March 3, 2020

Manipulation of Ploidy in Caenorhabditis elegans
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Published on: March 15, 2018

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Area of Science:

  • Genetics
  • Evolutionary Biology
  • Ichthyology

Background:

  • Teleosts, comprising over 30,000 species, represent half of all vertebrate diversity.
  • Meiotic recombination patterns in teleosts are highly diverse and influenced by unique evolutionary adaptations.
  • Decades of genetic research provide a foundation for understanding teleost meiosis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review and integrate current knowledge on meiotic recombination in teleost fishes.
  • To highlight the diversity in recombination landscapes, molecular pathways, and cytological features.
  • To explore the evolutionary significance of PRDM9, sex chromosome differentiation, and relaxed meiotic checkpoints in teleosts.

Main Methods:

  • Genome-wide analyses to map recombination landscapes.
  • Cytological studies to examine synapsis and chromosome behavior during meiosis.
  • Comparative genomics to investigate the evolution of PRDM9 and related genes.

Main Results:

  • Most teleosts exhibit crossover concentration at chromosome ends, with male meiosis being a major driver of heterochiasmy.
  • Teleosts possess relaxed meiotic checkpoints, permitting gamete formation despite significant recombination errors.
  • PRDM9 has undergone dramatic diversification, with many lineages lacking functional Prdm9α and relying on PRDM9-independent recombination.

Conclusions:

  • Teleost meiotic recombination adaptations, including relaxed checkpoints and PRDM9 evolution, facilitate hybridization, polyploidy, and clonal reproduction.
  • Dynamic synapsis and partial recombination suppression are observed on emerging teleost sex chromosomes.
  • Studying teleost meiotic recombination offers insights into fundamental vertebrate reproductive biology and evolution.