Exploring augmented symbol, pilot experience and target distance for communicating information priority levels in glass cockpit: an empirical study

Direct augmentation onto flight deck displays presents distinct advantages for communicating information priority levels in aviation, especially in glass cockpits. This study investigated how augmented symbols, in interaction with pilot experience and target distance, can facilitate the communication of information priority levels in glass cockpits. A total of 20 pilot cadets and 21 professional pilots participated in a mixed-factorial study: 8 (augmented symbols: within) × 2 (pilot experience level: between) × 2 (target distance: within). Results demonstrated that certain augmented symbols significantly outperformed others in detection time to correct identification (DTCI) and first response accuracy (FRA). Expert pilots reported significantly lower mental workload and better visual comfort than novice pilots. Smaller target distances exhibited better DTCI and perceptions. Interactions among the measured factors were found. These findings offer practical implications for the design of aviation cockpits, particularly when information priority is delivered via flight deck displays.