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Influence of Earth's Curvature and Atmospheric Refraction on Leveling01:26

Influence of Earth's Curvature and Atmospheric Refraction on Leveling

During leveling, the Earth's curvature and atmospheric refraction introduce deviations in the line of sight from a true horizontal reference. When the line of sight is leveled, it remains perpendicular to the plumb line only at a single point. Beyond this, it deviates due to the Earth’s curvature, represented by the correction C. For a sight distance D, the deviation can be derived using the relationship:This relationship shows that the deviation increases quadratically with distance. Over a...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 16, 2026

Digital Inline Holographic Microscopy (DIHM) of Weakly-scattering Subjects
10:16

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Published on: February 8, 2014

Resolution factors in edgeline holography.

J D Trolinger, T H Gee

    Applied Optics
    |January 30, 2010
    PubMed
    Summary

    This study demonstrates that in-line Fresnel holography can precisely locate the edge of fast-moving objects. The technique accurately determines object position even at high velocities, offering a significant advantage for dynamic imaging applications.

    Area of Science:

    • Optical Metrology
    • Holographic Imaging
    • Dynamic Object Analysis

    Background:

    • In-line Fresnel holography reconstructs an object's edge superimposed with diffraction patterns.
    • Bandpass filtering isolates a symmetrical diffraction pattern around the object's edgeline.
    • Accurate edge localization of large, dynamic objects with unknown positions is challenging.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To investigate the application of in-line Fresnel holography for precise edge localization of dynamic objects.
    • To analyze the impact of motion, hologram size, film type, and practical limitations on resolution.
    • To establish a theoretical and experimental framework for high-velocity edge detection.

    Main Methods:

    • Utilized in-line Fresnel holography to capture dynamic object data.

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  • Applied bandpass filtering to the reconstructed holographic images.
  • Conducted theoretical and experimental analyses considering motion, hologram parameters, and limitations.

    • Main Results:

    • The bandpass-filtered reconstruction yields a diffraction pattern symmetrical about the object's edgeline.
    • Motion's bandlimiting effect was analyzed to compare holographic and photographic resolution limits.
    • Accurate edgeline location was achieved even for objects moving at high velocities perpendicular to the edge.

    Conclusions:

    • In-line Fresnel holography is effective for accurately locating the edges of large, dynamic objects.
    • The method provides precise positional data even under high-velocity conditions.
    • This technique offers a valuable tool for metrology and imaging of fast-moving targets.