Minimally invasive neurosurgery for vascular lesions

Intracranial vascular lesions are known to affect 2% to 4% of the population, predisposing those affected to a lifetime risk of hemorrhagic stroke, ischemia, focal neurologic deficits, or epileptic seizures. These lesions constitute a heterogeneous group, with different lesion types characterized by distinct biologic mechanisms of pathogenesis and progression. In this article, the minimally invasive management of intracranial aneurysms, arteriovenous malformations including arteriovenous fistulas, and cavernous malformations are discussed.