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Related Concept Videos

NMR Spectroscopy: Spin–Spin Coupling01:08

NMR Spectroscopy: Spin–Spin Coupling

The spin state of an NMR-active nucleus can have a slight effect on its immediate electronic environment. This effect propagates through the intervening bonds and affects the electronic environments of NMR-active nuclei up to three bonds away; occasionally, even farther. This phenomenon is called spin–spin coupling or J-coupling. Coupling interactions are mutual and result in small changes in the absorption frequencies of both nuclei involved. While nuclei of the same element are involved in...
Spin–Spin Coupling: Two-Bond Coupling (Geminal Coupling)01:20

Spin–Spin Coupling: Two-Bond Coupling (Geminal Coupling)

Two NMR-active nuclei bonded to a central atom can be involved in geminal or two-bond coupling. Geminal coupling is commonly seen between diastereotopic protons in chiral molecules and unsymmetrical alkenes, among others.
The central atom need not be NMR-active because its electrons are affected by the electron polarization of the spin-active atoms. However, spin information is transmitted less effectively than in one-bond coupling, and 2J values are usually weaker than 1J values. The energy of...
Spin–Spin Coupling: One-Bond Coupling01:17

Spin–Spin Coupling: One-Bond Coupling

Coupling interactions are strongest between NMR-active nuclei bonded to each other, where spin information can be transmitted directly through the pair of bonding electrons. While nuclei polarize their electrons to the opposite spins, the bonding electron pair has opposite spins. Configurations with antiparallel nuclear spins are expected to be lower in energy. When coupling makes antiparallel states more favorable, J is considered to have a positive value. The one-bond coupling constant, 1J,...
Spin–Spin Coupling: Three-Bond Coupling (Vicinal Coupling)01:22

Spin–Spin Coupling: Three-Bond Coupling (Vicinal Coupling)

Vicinal or three-bond coupling is commonly observed between protons attached to adjacent carbons. Here, nuclear spin information is primarily transferred via electron spin interactions between adjacent C‑H bond orbitals. This generally favors the antiparallel arrangement of spins, so 3J values are usually positive.
The extent of coupling depends on the C‑C bond length, the two H‑C‑C angles, any electron-withdrawing substituents, and the dihedral angle between the involved orbitals. The...
Spin–Spin Coupling Constant: Overview01:08

Spin–Spin Coupling Constant: Overview

In bromoethane, the three methyl protons are coupled to the two methylene protons that are three bonds away. In accordance with the n+1 rule, the signal from the methyl protons is split into three peaks with 1:2:1 relative intensities. The methylene protons appear as a quartet, with the relative intensities of 1:3:3:1.
Qualitatively, any spin plus-half nucleus polarizes the spins of its electrons to the minus-half state. Consequently, the paired electron in the hydrogen–carbon bond must have a...
Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Spin State Overview01:03

Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Spin State Overview

NMR-active nuclei have energy levels called 'spin states' that are associated with the orientations of their nuclear magnetic moments. In the absence of a magnetic field, the nuclear magnetic moments are randomly oriented, and the spin states are degenerate. When an external magnetic field is applied, the spin states have only 2 + 1 orientations available to them. A proton with = ½ has two available orientations. Similarly, for a quadrupolar nucleus with a nuclear spin value of one, the...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 1, 2026

Nanofabrication of Gate-defined GaAs/AlGaAs Lateral Quantum Dots
15:47

Nanofabrication of Gate-defined GaAs/AlGaAs Lateral Quantum Dots

Published on: November 1, 2013

Controllable anisotropic exchange coupling between spin qubits in quantum dots.

Yun-Pil Shim1, Sangchul Oh, Xuedong Hu

  • 1Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin–Madison, 53706, USA.

Physical Review Letters
|June 4, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

We introduce a method to control anisotropic interactions in quantum dot spin qubits by breaking symmetry with a magnetic field. This enables efficient generation of entangled states and universal quantum gates for quantum computing.

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Nanofabrication of Gate-defined GaAs/AlGaAs Lateral Quantum Dots
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Area of Science:

  • Quantum Information Science
  • Condensed Matter Physics
  • Quantum Computing

Background:

  • Isotropic exchange coupling in quantum dot spin qubits limits quantum gate operations.
  • Controlling qubit interactions is crucial for building scalable quantum computers.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To propose a method for controlling anisotropic spin-spin interactions in quantum dots.
  • To enable efficient generation of entangled states and universal quantum gates.

Main Methods:

  • Arranging spins in a bus geometry.
  • Breaking symmetry using an external magnetic field to induce XXZ-type interactions.
  • Proposing a qubit scheme based on double quantum dots exploiting these couplings.

Main Results:

  • Demonstrated a method to achieve anisotropic interactions between quantum dot spins.
  • Showcased the ability to efficiently generate maximally entangled Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger states.
  • Enabled universal gate sets for exchange-only quantum computing.

Conclusions:

  • Anisotropic interactions, induced by magnetic fields, overcome limitations of isotropic coupling.
  • The proposed double quantum dot scheme offers a pathway to advanced quantum computation.
  • This work advances the development of controllable quantum information processing.