Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorders.

Area of Science:

• Neuroimmunology
• Neurology
• Ophthalmology

Background:

• Neuromyelitis optica (NMO) traditionally presents as optic neuritis and transverse myelitis.
• Recent discoveries of NMO-specific antibodies reveal a wider clinical spectrum.
• International consensus now defines Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorders (NMOSD) encompassing this broader range.

Purpose of the Study:

• To review the clinical and MR imaging findings of NMOSD.
• To differentiate between anti-aquaporin-4-antibody-seropositive and anti-myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein-antibody-seropositive NMOSD.
• To highlight the diagnostic utility of MR imaging and optical coherence tomography.

Main Methods:

• Review of clinical presentations of NMOSD.
• Analysis of MR imaging findings in different NMOSD subtypes.
• Inclusion of optical coherence tomography findings.
• Focus on anti-aquaporin-4-antibody-seropositive and anti-myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein-antibody-seropositive NMOSD.

Main Results:

• NMOSD includes typical NMO, optic neuritis, acute myelitis, and brain syndromes.
• NMOSD is categorized into seropositive (anti-aquaporin-4-antibody) and seronegative/unknown serostatus.
• Clinical and imaging features vary between anti-aquaporin-4-antibody-seropositive and anti-myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein-antibody-seropositive NMOSD.

Conclusions:

• NMOSD represents a spectrum of autoimmune conditions targeting the CNS.
• Accurate diagnosis relies on clinical evaluation, serological testing, and advanced imaging.
• Understanding the distinct features of antibody-defined NMOSD is crucial for management.