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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Mere exposure instructions, not just repeated exposure, can alter stimulus evaluations. This effect on implicit and explicit evaluations depends on memory of frequency information.

Keywords:
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Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Social Psychology

Background:

  • The mere exposure effect is a psychological phenomenon where repeated exposure to a stimulus increases positive evaluation.
  • Previous research focused on direct exposure, not indirect information about frequency.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate if mere exposure instructions, without actual repeated exposure, can influence stimulus evaluations.
  • To determine the boundary conditions and underlying mental processes of mere exposure instruction effects.

Main Methods:

  • Seven experiments were conducted using various implicit and explicit evaluation measures.
  • Implicit measures included the Implicit Association Test (IAT), personalized IAT (pIAT), and Affect Misattribution Procedure (AMP).
  • Explicit evaluations and memory for frequency information were also assessed.

Main Results:

  • Mere exposure instructions significantly influenced implicit evaluations (IAT, pIAT, AMP) but not the Evaluative Priming Task (EPT).
  • Explicit evaluations were also affected by mere exposure instructions.
  • The observed effects were contingent upon participants' accurate memory of which stimulus was instructed to be more frequent.

Conclusions:

  • Stimulus evaluations can be altered by simply being informed about stimulus frequency, extending the concept of mere exposure.
  • Memory for frequency information is crucial for these instruction-based mere exposure effects.
  • These findings highlight the cognitive mechanisms underlying evaluative conditioning and expectation-driven judgments.