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Tonicity in Animals

Tonicity in Animals

The tonicity of a solution determines if a cell gains or loses water in that solution. The tonicity depends on the permeability of the cell membrane for different solutes and the concentration of nonpenetrating solutes in the solution within and outside of the cell. If a semipermeable membrane hinders the passage of some solutes but allows water to follow its concentration gradient, water moves from the side with low osmolarity (i.e., less solute) to the side with higher osmolarity (i.e.,...

Tonicity in Animals

Tonicity in Animals

Tonicity describes the amount of solute in a solution. The measure of the tonicity of a solution, or the total amount of solutes dissolved in a specific amount of solution, is called its osmolarity. Three terms—hypotonic, isotonic, and hypertonic—are used to relate the osmolarity of a cell to the osmolarity of the extracellular fluid that contains the cells. In a hypotonic solution, such as tap water, the extracellular fluid has a lower concentration of solutes than the fluid inside...

Animal Mitochondrial Genetics

Animal Mitochondrial Genetics

Among all the organelles in an animal cell, only mitochondria have their own independent genomes. Animal mitochondrial DNA is a double-stranded, closed-circular molecule with around 20,000 base pairs. Mitochondrial DNA is unique in that one of its two strands, the heavy, or H, -strand is guanine rich, whereas the complementary strand is cytosine rich and called the light, or L, -strand. Compared to nuclear DNA, mitochondrial DNA has a very low percentage of non-coding regions and is marked by...

Animal and Plant Cell Structure

Animal and Plant Cell Structure

Animal and plant cells not only differ in their structure, function, and mode of nutrition but also in how they reproduce, specialize, and organize into complex structures.
Cell Division
Though both plant and animal cells divide by mitosis (for non-gametic cells) and meiosis (for gametic cells), they differ in the specifics of this process. Unlike animal cells, plant cells lack centrosomes — an organelle responsible for organizing the spindle fibers and segregating the chromosomes during...

Molecular Models

Molecular Models

Physical models representing molecular architectures of chemical compounds play essential roles in understanding chemistry. The use of molecular models makes it easier to visualize the structures and shapes of atoms and molecules.

The Bohr Model

The Bohr Model

Following the work of Ernest Rutherford and his colleagues in the early twentieth century, the picture of atoms consisting of tiny dense nuclei surrounded by lighter and even tinier electrons continually moving about the nucleus was well established. This picture was called the planetary model since it pictured the atom as a miniature “solar system” with the electrons orbiting the nucleus like planets orbiting the sun. The simplest atom is hydrogen, consisting of a single proton as the...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 10, 2026

Computer-Generated Animal Model Stimuli

Computer-Generated Animal Model Stimuli

Published on: July 29, 2007

Small Animal Models.

Alain da Silva Morais^1,2, J Miguel Oliveira^3,4,5, Rui L Reis^3,4,5

¹3B's Research Group - Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative, Barco, Guimarães, Portugal. alain.morais@dep.uminho.pt.

Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology

|May 9, 2018

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Selecting appropriate animal models is vital for assessing biomaterials and therapies before human trials. This review focuses on small animal models for osteochondral defect repair, highlighting their strategies and limitations.

Keywords:

Biomaterials Growth factors Osteochondral regeneration strategies Scaffolds Small animal models Stem cells

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Last Updated: Feb 10, 2026

Computer-Generated Animal Model Stimuli

Computer-Generated Animal Model Stimuli

Published on: July 29, 2007

Subretinal Transplantation of Human Embryonic Stem Cell-Derived Retinal Tissue in a Feline Large Animal Model

Subretinal Transplantation of Human Embryonic Stem Cell-Derived Retinal Tissue in a Feline Large Animal Model

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An Isolated Working Heart System for Large Animal Models

An Isolated Working Heart System for Large Animal Models

Published on: June 11, 2014

Area of Science:

Biomedical Engineering
Regenerative Medicine
Orthopedic Research

Background:

Animal assays are critical preclinical steps bridging in vitro research and human clinical trials.
They provide essential data on the efficacy and safety of novel biomaterials, medical devices, drugs, and therapies.
Choosing suitable animal models is paramount for valid conclusions in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine.

Purpose of the Study:

To review and analyze small animal model strategies for osteochondral defect repair.
To emphasize the materials and specific approaches employed within these models.
To inform the selection of appropriate models for tissue engineering research.

Main Methods:

Discussion of various small animal models used in biomedical research.
Analysis of materials and strategies applied in osteochondral defect repair models.
Consideration of the advantages and limitations of different animal models.

Main Results:

Identification of key small animal models relevant to osteochondral defect repair.
Evaluation of the materials and techniques utilized in these models.
Discussion of challenges in data extrapolation and potential for misinterpretation.

Conclusions:

Small animal models are indispensable for evaluating osteochondral defect repair strategies.
Understanding model-specific advantages, limitations, and extrapolation challenges is crucial.
Careful model selection enhances the reliability of preclinical data for clinical translation.