Robotic Spine Surgery Where Did We Come From, And Where Are We Headed?

Robotic spine surgery has a number of potential advantages, including more precise preoperative planning, a high degree of accuracy in pedicle screw placement, and significantly reduced radiation exposure to the surgical team. Despite the potential advantages, many surgeons feel that it is still too early for the widespread adoption of this technology, citing increased cost, increased operating room time, and lack of necessity. Most spine surgeons will agree, however, that robotic technology is still in its infancy and that there will be a significant role for this technology in the future. Amidst this debate, it is important to understand the evolution of this technology from its initial inception to the present day, with a critical appraisal of the technology in its current form. It is important to consider the probable next steps in the development of this technology so that we may develop and shape this technology to most benefit our patients. This article reviews the history and development of robotic technology in spine surgery, critically assesses the technology in its current form, and explores the future directions.