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Related Concept Videos

Surveys02:16

Surveys

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Often, psychologists develop surveys as a means of gathering data. Surveys are lists of questions to be answered by research participants, and can be delivered as paper-and-pencil questionnaires, administered electronically, or conducted verbally. Generally, the survey itself can be completed in a short time, and the ease of administering a survey makes it easy to collect data from a large number of people.
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Stereotypes, Prejudice, and Discrimination02:55

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Humans are very diverse and although we share many similarities, we also have many differences. The social groups we belong to help form our identities (Tajfel, 1974). These differences may be difficult for some people to reconcile, which may lead to prejudice toward people who are different. Prejudice is a negative attitude and feeling toward an individual based solely on one’s membership in a particular social group (Allport, 1954; Brown, 2010). Prejudice is common against people who...
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Conformity is the change in a person’s behavior to go along with the group, even if that person does not agree with the group.
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Influence of Parents and Peers on Identity01:23

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Adolescence is a pivotal period of identity formation, during which individuals begin to answer questions central to their sense of self, such as "Who am I?" and "Who do I hope to become?" Both parents and peers play critical roles in guiding adolescents through this complex developmental phase.
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Attitudes01:54

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Attitude is our evaluation of a person, an idea, or an object. We have attitudes for many things ranging from products that we might pick up in the supermarket to people around the world to political policies. Typically, attitudes are favorable or unfavorable: positive or negative (Eagly & Chaiken, 1993). And, they have three components: an affective component (feelings), a behavioral component (the effect of the attitude on behavior), and a cognitive component (belief and knowledge;...
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Updated: Jul 10, 2025

Continuous Theta Burst Stimulation of the Posterior Medial Frontal Cortex to Experimentally Reduce Ideological Threat Responses
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Impervious to Elite Influence: Americans' ACA Attitudes, 2009-2020.

Daniel J Hopkins1

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Political polarization profoundly shaped the Affordable Care Act (ACA), influencing both elite and public opinion. Despite its complexity, the ACA saw stable public attitudes, with elite messaging proving largely ineffective.

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Area of Science:

  • Health policy
  • Political science
  • Public opinion research

Background:

  • The Affordable Care Act (ACA) enactment in 2010 became a decade-long partisan issue.
  • Highly polarized political environments present unique challenges for policy-making and public opinion.
  • Understanding elite influence on public attitudes towards healthcare policy is crucial.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To analyze how political polarization influenced the elite- and mass-level politics of the ACA.
  • To draw lessons on policy-making and public opinion in a polarized era.
  • To assess the effectiveness of elite efforts in shaping public attitudes toward the ACA.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of elite-level politics, including federal and state government polarization and nationalization.
  • Examination of mass-level public opinion regarding the ACA.
  • Drawing insights from the 2023 book "Stable Condition: Elites' Limited Influence on Health Care Attitudes."

Main Results:

  • Polarization at the elite level resulted in a complex, patchwork ACA policy.
  • Polarization and nationalization led to stable public opinion, even among beneficiaries.
  • Elite-led opinion leadership through policy and messaging had limited success.

Conclusions:

  • Political polarization significantly structured the ACA's development and public reception.
  • Public opinion on the ACA remained remarkably stable despite policy variations.
  • Elites demonstrated limited capacity to shift public attitudes on healthcare policy through direct intervention.