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A Novel Cryogenic Approach to 3D Printing Cytocompatible, Conductive, Hydrogel-Based Inks.

Aida Shoushtari Zadeh Naseri1, Cormac Fay1,2, Andrew Nattestad1,3

  • 1Intelligent Polymer Research Institute and ARC Center of Excellence for Electromaterials Science, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia.

3D Printing and Additive Manufacturing
|May 1, 2024
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers developed a custom cryogenic 3D printer and a conductive hydrogel ink from chitosan and graphene. This innovation enables precise fabrication of robust, conductive scaffolds supporting neural cell growth for tissue engineering.

Keywords:
Cryogenic 3D printingconductive hydrogelcytocompatibilitygraphene

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Area of Science:

  • Tissue Engineering
  • Regenerative Medicine
  • Biomaterials Science

Background:

  • Developing cytocompatible 3D conductive scaffolds is essential for engineering excitable tissues.
  • Mimicking the native extracellular matrix is key for successful tissue regeneration.
  • Existing methods face challenges in precise control over scaffold properties.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a custom cryogenic 3D printer for precise scaffold fabrication.
  • To create and optimize a conductive hydrogel ink for 3D printing.
  • To evaluate the printability, mechanical properties, conductivity, and cytocompatibility of the fabricated scaffolds.

Main Methods:

  • A custom cryogenic extrusion 3D printer was designed with temperature control for ink and printing surface.
  • A conductive hydrogel ink was formulated using chitosan (CS) and edge-functionalised expanded graphene (EFXG) at various ratios.
  • 3D structures were printed, and their conductivity, mechanical robustness, and feature size resolution were analyzed.
  • Cytocompatibility was assessed using NSC-34 mouse motor neuron-like cells.

Main Results:

  • The custom printer achieved high precision printing of aqueous inks into well-defined layers.
  • Conductive hydrogel inks (EFXG:CS ratios 60:40 to 80:20) exhibited good printability.
  • 2-20 layer conductive structures with feature sizes down to 200 μm were successfully printed.
  • The scaffolds demonstrated mechanical robustness (Young's modulus up to 2.6 MPa) and electrical conductivity (up to ~45 S/m).
  • NSC-34 cells showed viability, attachment, and proliferation on the 3D-printed scaffolds.

Conclusions:

  • A novel cryogenic 3D printing approach enables precise fabrication of conductive hydrogel scaffolds.
  • The developed chitosan-graphene composite material is mechanically robust, electrically conductive, and cytocompatible.
  • These scaffolds are promising for engineering 3D-structured excitable cells and tissues.
  • The printing system has potential for fabricating various hydrogel-based constructs with high precision.