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Thermal Adaptations in Animals: Genes, Development, and Evolution.

Ako Agata1, Tadashi Nomura2,3

  • 1Developmental Neurobiology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan.

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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Animals evolve thermal adaptation through developmental biology. This review explores temperature

Keywords:
Cold adaptationDevelopmentEctothermyEndothermyEvolutionSNPsThermal adaptation

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Area of Science:

  • Developmental biology
  • Evolutionary biology
  • Genomics

Background:

  • Environmental temperature is a key driver of animal evolution.
  • Thermal adaptation strategies differ between ectotherms and endotherms.
  • Developmental processes are sensitive to temperature variations.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review thermal adaptation in ectotherms and endotherms from a developmental biology perspective.
  • To elucidate the cellular and molecular mechanisms of temperature-dependent embryogenesis.
  • To explore the genetic basis of thermal adaptation in endotherms, including humans and extinct species.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on thermal adaptation in ectotherms and endotherms.
  • Analysis of developmental biology principles related to temperature.
  • Examination of genome-wide studies identifying adaptive mutations in cold-climate adaptation.

Main Results:

  • In ectotherms, temperature influences morphology (e.g., color, sex determination) and embryonic development timing.
  • Temperature-dependent embryogenesis involves specific cellular and molecular mechanisms.
  • Genome-wide studies reveal adaptive single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in genes (e.g., CPT1A, FADS1-3) enabling cold-climate survival in humans and extinct hominids.

Conclusions:

  • Developmental biology provides a crucial framework for understanding animal thermal adaptation.
  • Genetic adaptations, including SNPs, have been vital for endotherms surviving cold environments.
  • Further research is needed on genetic assimilation, heat shock protein Hsp90, and embryonic development in thermal adaptation.