Controversies in Artificial Intelligence in Neurosurgery

Artificial intelligence (AI) has evolved from science fiction to a technology infiltrating everyday life. In neurosurgery, clinicians and researchers are exploring ways to implement this powerful tool to improve the safety and efficiency of the perioperative process. Current applications include preoperative diagnosis, intraoperative detection and recommendations, and technical skills assessment and feedback. Although the potential benefits are evident, AI integration into neurosurgical workflows requires discussions around ethical regulations, cybersecurity, privacy concerns, and data and algorithm ownership.