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ATLAS: a large array, on-chip compute SPAD camera for multispeckle diffuse correlation spectroscopy.

Alistair Gorman1, Neil Finlayson1, Ahmet T Erdogan1

  • 1Institute for Integrated Micro and Nano Systems, School of Engineering, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.

Biomedical Optics Express
|November 18, 2024
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The ATLAS sensor enables real-time, on-chip computation for single-photon correlation spectroscopy. This technology is suitable for in-vivo diffuse correlation spectroscopy (DCS) measurements of tissue dynamics.

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Area of Science:

  • Photonics
  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Integrated Circuits

Background:

  • Single-photon avalanche diode (SPAD) arrays are crucial for optical sensing.
  • Diffuse Correlation Spectroscopy (DCS) requires efficient computation of autocorrelation functions.
  • Existing methods for DCS can be computationally intensive and lack real-time processing capabilities.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To introduce ATLAS, a novel 512x512 SPAD array with embedded autocorrelation computation.
  • To enable real-time, on-chip processing for single-photon correlation spectroscopy applications.
  • To demonstrate the suitability of ATLAS for in-vivo diffuse correlation spectroscopy (DCS) measurements.

Main Methods:

  • Implementation of a 512x512 SPAD array using 3D-stacked CMOS technology.
  • Development of a shared per-macropixel SRAM architecture for parallel autocorrelation computation.
  • Utilizing a minimum autocorrelation lag-time of 1 µs for high temporal resolution.

Main Results:

  • Demonstration of direct, on-chip computation of the autocorrelation function.
  • Successful resolution of decorrelation time changes in body tissue in real time.
  • Achieved long source-detector separations comparable to leading optical modalities for cerebral blood flow monitoring.

Conclusions:

  • The ATLAS sensor facilitates real-time, on-chip DCS measurements.
  • The system is validated for in-vivo measurements, including cuff-occlusion and forehead cardiac signals.
  • ATLAS shows significant potential for advancing non-invasive monitoring of tissue dynamics and blood flow.