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Updated: Jun 25, 2026

Pioneering Patient-Specific Approaches for Precision Surgery Using Imaging and Virtual Reality
06:18

Pioneering Patient-Specific Approaches for Precision Surgery Using Imaging and Virtual Reality

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Immersive Three-Dimensional Visualization as a Routine Tool for Complex Congenital Cardiac Surgical Planning: A

Madhusudan Ganigara1, Narutoshi Hibino2, Waseem Cossor3

  • 1Division of Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, The University of Chicago, 5841 S. Maryland Avenue, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA. mganigara@bsd.uchicago.edu.

Pediatric Cardiology
|June 24, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Three-dimensional (3D) models from CT/MRI scans improve spatial understanding in complex congenital cardiac surgery. Clinicians report better comprehension, supporting their use in surgical planning.

Keywords:
Cardiac computed tomographyCardiac surgical planningCongenital heart diseaseThree-dimensional visualizationVirtual reality

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Area of Science:

  • Cardiovascular Surgery
  • Medical Imaging
  • Computational Anatomy

Background:

  • Preoperative planning for complex congenital cardiac surgery relies on 2D imaging, hindering 3D spatial understanding.
  • Volumetric imaging like CT and MRI are underutilized due to data interpretation challenges.
  • Emerging 3D technologies offer potential solutions for visualizing complex cardiac anatomy.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To advocate for the use of 3D image visualization in complex congenital cardiac surgery.
  • To identify factors influencing the practical utility of 3D models.
  • To propose criteria for the systematic adoption of 3D visualization tools.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current evidence on 3D model application in cardiac surgery.
  • Analysis of CT-based segmentation, virtual reality (VR), and 3D printing capabilities.
  • Identification of human and institutional factors impacting 3D model utility.

Main Results:

  • 3D models accurately represent complex cardiac anatomy.
  • Clinicians report enhanced comprehension of spatial relationships using 3D models.
  • Evidence suggests improved understanding, though prospective outcome data are limited.

Conclusions:

  • 3D visualization tools offer a practical means to externalize patient-specific anatomy for surgical planning.
  • A deliberate, case-selected approach to 3D visualization is recommended.
  • Further prospective outcome data are needed, but incorporating these tools is clinically rational.