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Syphilis.

Kristina J Hartung1,2, Stephen H Tsang3, Tarun Sharma4

  • 1Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia.

Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology
|July 30, 2025
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Syphilis, the great imitator, can affect any part of the eye. This sexually transmitted infection can manifest in numerous ocular conditions, impacting vision and eye health.

Keywords:
PhenocopiesSyphilis

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Area of Science:

  • Ophthalmology
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Syphilis, caused by *Treponema pallidum*, is a systemic infection with diverse clinical presentations.
  • Ocular syphilis is a rare but serious manifestation, often mimicking other eye conditions.
  • Early diagnosis and treatment are crucial to prevent irreversible vision loss.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To highlight the wide spectrum of ocular manifestations of syphilis.
  • To emphasize the importance of considering syphilis in the differential diagnosis of various eye diseases.
  • To review the diagnostic challenges and management strategies for ocular syphilis.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of case reports and studies on ocular syphilis.
  • Analysis of clinical presentations, diagnostic methods, and treatment outcomes.
  • Discussion of thepathophysiology and immunological responses in ocular syphilis.

Main Results:

  • Syphilis can affect any ocular structure, including the conjunctiva, cornea, uvea, retina, and optic nerve.
  • Common ocular findings include conjunctivitis, keratitis, uveitis, retinitis, and optic neuropathy.
  • Neurosyphilis can lead to cranial nerve palsies and characteristic pupillary abnormalities like the Argyll Robertson pupil.

Conclusions:

  • Ocular syphilis presents with a broad range of symptoms and signs, making it a diagnostic challenge.
  • A high index of suspicion is necessary for timely diagnosis, especially in patients with risk factors for syphilis.
  • Prompt treatment with penicillin is effective in managing ocular syphilis and preserving vision.