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Updated: Feb 15, 2026

Bioinspired Soft Robot with Incorporated Microelectrodes
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Electrically Driven Microengineered Bioinspired Soft Robots.

Su Ryon Shin1,2, Bianca Migliori1,2,3, Beatrice Miccoli1,2

  • 1Biomaterials Innovation Research Center, Division of Engineering in Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02139, USA.

Advanced Materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.)
|January 12, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers developed a bioinspired soft robot using self-actuating cardiac muscles on a scaffold with gold microelectrodes. This system mimics living muscle for life-like robotic movements and controlled actuation.

Keywords:
bioactuatorsbioinspirationcardiac tissue engineeringflexible microelectrodeshydrogels

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Area of Science:

  • Robotics
  • Biomaterials Science
  • Tissue Engineering

Background:

  • Living muscle actuators are inspired by biomimetic concepts for bioinspired robots.
  • Developing soft robotics with integrated self-actuating cardiac muscles is a key area of research.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a bioinspired soft robotics system with integrated self-actuating cardiac muscles.
  • To design a hierarchically structured scaffold with flexible gold microelectrodes for enhanced robotic function.

Main Methods:

  • A batoid-fish-shaped substrate was designed using two micropatterned hydrogel layers: poly(ethylene glycol) and gelatin methacryloyl with carbon nanotubes.
  • Flexible gold (Au) microelectrodes were embedded into the scaffold to enhance mechanical integrity and electrical conductivity.
  • Cardiomyocytes were cultured and matured on the scaffold to create the actuation component.

Main Results:

  • The cardiomyocytes exhibited excellent myofiber organization and self-actuating motions aligned with contractile force.
  • The embedded Au microelectrodes provided localized electrical stimulation and control over the beating behavior.
  • The bioinspired soft robot demonstrated life-like movements inspired by living organisms.

Conclusions:

  • The developed system successfully integrates self-actuating cardiac muscles with a biomimetic scaffold for soft robotics.
  • The hierarchical scaffold and embedded electrodes enable controlled, life-like movements in the bioinspired robot.
  • This research advances the field of bioinspired robotics by creating a functional, self-actuating soft robot.